Figure 4.

Schematic representation of fundamental mechanisms in trained immunity. Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) can bind to their corresponding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and alter metabolic pathways including increased glycolysis, increased acetyl-CoA generation, and mevalonate synthesis in cholesterol pathway, leading to histone modifications that enable chromatin regions to be more open for transcription. Increased gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and enhanced proinflammatory innate immune response against pathogens during secondary exposure. Figure created with Smart Servier Medical Art and Omnigraffle.