Table 1.

Few of the many NSs with multifunctional abilities.

S.No.	Platform	Inhibition activity/functionality	Ref.
1.	Plasmonic gold nanoparticles	Naked-Eye Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Limit of detection as 0.18 ng/μL	[28]
2.	Functionalized gold nanoparticles	Femto molar detection with ultranarrow line shapes in the terahertz (THz) frequencies	[13]
3.	Silver nanocluster/silica composite coatings	Virucidal effect on SARS-CoV-2, flexible ceramic with practical applications	[16]
4.	Lipid nanoparticles	Immunization response against pseudotyped and wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus	[30]
5.	Carbon quantum dots	Inactivation of CoV strain through inhibition of protein S–receptor interaction	[33]
6.	Electrospun nanofibers, ZnO Nanorods and Ag Nanoparticles	Antibacterial, antiviral, self-cleaning, and sensing mats for clothing applications	[39]
7.	Nanostructure substrate (cellular nanosponges)	Trapping and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2	[45]