This work is licensed under a Table 1.
Descriptive statistics and group comparisons for subgrouping and descriptive assessments.
| Group scores |
ANOVA results |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subgrouping assessment | TD (n = 90) | DLD (n = 53) | DYS (n = 32) | DLD + DYS (n = 69) | df (3, | F | p | R 2 | Group comparison |
| CELF-4 M (SD) |
100.96 (6.84) | 79.49 (5.27) | 97.31 (5.53) | 73.84 (8.76) | 240 | 241.47 | < .001 | .751 | TD > DYS > DLD > DLD + DYS |
| WRMT-3 M (SD) |
101.24 (6.17) | 101.13 (7.47) | 80.22 (3.62) | 74.70 (7.37) | 240 | 284.52 | < .001 | .781 | TD = DLD > DYS > DLD + DYS |
|
Descriptive assessment |
TD a |
DLD b |
DYS |
DLD + DYS c |
df (3, |
F |
p |
R 2 |
Group comparison |
| TOWRE-2 M (SD) |
102.11 (9.79) | 101.13 (9.47) | 79.12 (8.02) | 75.35 (12.17) | 239 | 119.80 | < .001 | .601 | TD = DLD > DYS = DLD + DYS |
| CTOPP-2 M (SD) |
92.89 (11.63) | 83.70 (10.68) | 88.09 (12.19) | 75.96 (9.58) | 239 | 31.88 | < .001 | .286 | TD = DYS, DYS = DLD, TD > DLD > DLD + DYS, DYS > DLD + DYS |
| PPVT-4 M (SD) |
107.11 (10.91) | 93.72 (7.97) | 104.84 (8.69) | 91.41 (9.40) | 238 | 44.27 | < .001 | .358 | TD = DYS > DLD = DLD + DYS |
| EVT-2 M (SD) |
105.90 (8.63) | 93.45 (7.08) | 101.37 (6.29) | 87.32 (8.31) | 239 | 78.82 | < .001 | .494 | TD > DYS > DLD > DLD + DYS |
| TONI-4 M (SD) |
106.73 (8.68) | 101.44 (9.40) | 100.91 (9.31) | 95.24 (8.32) | 234 | 21.56 | < .001 | .217 | TD > DLD = DYS > DLD + DYS |
Note. A series of one-way ANOVAs were estimated to examine group differences on the subgrouping and descriptive assessments. Pairwise comparisons using Tukey's honestly significant difference test were applied to maintain an experiment-wise Type I error rate of .05 for each model. ANOVA = analysis of variance; TD = typical development; DLD = developmental language disorder; DYS = dyslexia; CELF-4 = Comprehensive Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fourth Edition; WRMT-3 = Woodcock Reading Mastery Test–Third Edition; TOWRE-2 = Test of Word Reading Efficiency–Second Edition; CTOPP-2 = Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing–Second Edition; PPVT-4 = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Fourth Edition; EVT-2 = Expressive Vocabulary Test–Second Edition; TONI-4 = Test of Nonverbal Intelligence–Fourth Edition.
Sample sizes differed on the PPVT-4 (n = 89) and TONI-4 (n = 86).
Sample sizes differed on the TOWRE-2 and TONI-4 (n = 52).
Sample sizes differed on the CTOPP-2, PPVT-4, EVT-2, and TONI-4 (n = 68).