Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population1.
| Total population (N = 386) | Number of nutritional deficits2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
No deficit
(N = 84) |
1 deficit
(N = 153) |
≥2 deficits
(N = 149) |
p-value3 | ||
| Age (years) | 75.6 (4.5) | 74.8 (4.1)a | 75.0 (4.3)b | 76.7 (4.8)a,b | 0.001 |
| Sex (female) | 263 (68.1%) | 66 (78.6%) | 111 (72.6%) | 86 (57.7%) | 0.002 |
| MAPT groups | |||||
| Multidomain intervention | 191 (49.5%) | 40 (47.6%) | 77 (50.3%) | 74 (49.7%) | 0.922 |
| Placebo | 195 (50.5%) | 44 (52.4%) | 76 (49.7%) | 75 (50.3%) | |
| Education (n = 376) | |||||
| No diploma or primary school certificate | 80 (21.3%) | 13 (15.9%) | 30 (19.9%) | 37 (25.9%) | 0.407 |
| Secondary education | 122 (32.4%) | 28 (34.1%) | 47 (31.1%) | 47 (32.9%) | |
| High school diploma | 58 (15.4%) | 12 (14.6%) | 29 (19.2%) | 17 (11.9%) | |
| University level | 116 (30.9%) | 29 (35.4%) | 45 (29.8%) | 42 (29.3%) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) (n = 385) | 26.1 (3.9) | 25.1 (4.0)a | 25.9 (3.9) | 26.8 (3.8)a | 0.003 |
| CDR status: 0.5 (mild cognitive impairment) | 155 (40.2%) | 27 (32.1%) | 64 (41.8%) | 64 (43.0%) | 0.234 |
| Physical status: inactive (n = 384) | 53 (13.8%) | 5 (6.0%) | 22 (14.5%) | 26 (17.5%) | 0.051 |
| Nutritional risk factors | |||||
| Vitamin D (ng/ml) | 23.2 (12.5) | 30.8 (12.2)a,b | 25.2 (12.7)a,c | 16.9 (8.8)b,c | <0.001 |
| Deficiency (<20 ng/ml) | 163 (42.2%) | 0 (0%) | 57 (37.3%) | 106 (71.1%) | <0.001 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 15.64 (5.27) | 11.32 (1.41)a,b | 15.31 (4.88)a,c | 18.41 (5.32)b,c | <0.001 |
| Hyperhomocysteinemia (>14 μmol/L) | 220 (57.0%) | 0 (0%) | 85 (55.6%) | 135 (90.6%) | <0.001 |
| Omega-3 index (%) | 5.86 (1.44) | 6.61 (1.13)a | 6.21 (1.25)b | 5.08 (1.41)a,b | <0.001 |
| ≤ 4.87 (lower quartile) | 98 (25.4%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (7.2%) | 87 (58.4%) | <0.001 |
| Physical performance | |||||
| SPPB score, 0–12 (n = 378) | 10.7 (1.7) | 10.9 (1.5) | 10.7 (1.7) | 10.5 (1.8) | 0.156 |
| Gait speed (m/s) (n = 383) | 1.08 (0.25) | 1.10 (0.25) | 1.08 (0.25) | 1.06 (0.25) | 0.590 |
| Chair rise time (s) (n = 367) | 11.6 (3.9) | 10.4 (2.4)a | 11.6 (3.9) | 12.3 (4.5)a | 0.004 |
1
Values presented in number (%) for categorical variables or mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables; CDR, clinical dementia rating scale; MAPT, Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.
2
Cutoff of nutritional deficits: Vitamin D <20 ng/ml, homocysteine>14 μmol/L, omega-3 index ≤ lower quartile (≤4.87%).
3
P-value based on ANOVA or Chi-square test across groups;
a,b,c
same letters indicate significant differences between groups (p <0.05).