Table 1.
Population overview, according to clinical outcome
| Unit | Reference Range | Total sample (N = 506) | Favourable outcome (N = 373) | Unfavourable outcome (N = 133) | p value a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biochemical markers | ||||||
| WBC | 103/μL | 4.0–10.00 | 8.1 [1.5–88.7] | 7.6 [1.5–88.7] | 9.3 [1.9–24.3] | < 0.001 |
| Platelets | 103/μL | 140–440 | 255.4 [5.5–909] | 248.0 [5.5–909] | 211.0 [15.0–701] | < 0.001 |
| Neutrophils | 103/μL | 1.5–7.5 | 6.2 [0.6–81.9] | 5.56 [0.6–31.7] | 7.6 [1.3–81.9] | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes | 103/μL | 0.5–5.0 | 1.0 [0.0–8.9] | 1.1 [0.0- 8.9] | 0.7 [0.0–4.4] | < 0.001 |
| CRP | mg/L | < 5.0 | 39.0 [0.0–429] | 26.0 [0.0—286] | 74.0 [5.0–429] | < 0.001 |
| Procalcitonin | ng/ml | < 0.5 | 0.1 [0.0–936] | 0.1 [0.0–146] | 0.2 [0.0–936] | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine | mg/dl | 0.7–1.2 | 0.8 [0.3–6.9] | 0.8 [0.3–3.0] | 0.9 [0.3–6.9] | 0.003 |
| D-Dimers | ng/ml | < 500 | 936.0 [40.0–54819] | 842.0 [40.0–49075] | 1341.5 [214.0–54819] | < 0.001 |
| Fibrinogens | mg/dl | 200–400 | 530.0 [88.0–2377] | 525.5 [88.0–2377] | 532.0 [154.0–2069] | 0.682 |
| Ferritins | ng/ml | 30–400 | 769.0 [9.0–15052] | 696.0 [9.0–5626.0] | 967.0 [17.0–15052] | 0.002 |
| IL-6 | pg/ml | 0.0–10.0 | 29.0 [0.0–1780] | 23.2 [0.0–1312] | 59.4 [0.5–1780] | < 0.001 |
| LDH | U/l | 135–225 | 294.0 [40.0–1584] | 279.0 [40.0–753] | 392.0 [165.0–1584] | < 0.001 |
| NT-ProBNP | pg/ml | 1–125 | 312.0 [5.0–14702] | 256.5 [5.0–13919] | 802.0 [50.0–14702] | < 0.001 |
| TSH | μUI/ml | 0.27–4.20 | 0.79 [0.02–16.7] | 0.94 [0.04–15.9] | 0.56 [0.02–16.7] | < 0.001 |
| fT4 | pmol/l | 12.0–22.0 | 16.8 [5.6–32.2] | 17.1 [7.8–32.2] | 16.2 [5.6–26.3] | 0.055 |
| fT3 | pmol/l | 3.1–6.8 | 2.9 [0.17–7.9] | 3.0 [1.0–7.9] | 2.4 [0.17–5.0] | < 0.001 |
| Clinical features | ||||||
| Male sex | N° (%) | – | 315 (62.3) | 220 (59.0) | 95 (71.4) | 0.007 |
| Age | years | – | 68.8 ± 15.6 | 66.1 ± 15.7 | 76.4 ± 12.3 | < 0.001 |
| PO2/FiO2 at admission | mmHg | > 300 | 282 ± 15.786.9 | 295.0 ± 81.5 | 247.1 ± 92.1 | < 0.001 |
| Smoke b | N° (%) | - | 174 (34.4) | 123 (52.1) | 49 (57.0) | 0.259 |
| Hypertension | N° (%) | – | 258 (51.3) | 172 (46.7) | 85 (65.4) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | N° (%) | – | 86 (17.0) | 55 (14.9) | 30 (22.6) | 0.031 |
| Dyslipidaemia | N° (%) | – | 145 (28.7) | 98 (26.6) | 46 (34.6) | 0.051 |
| Cancer | N° (%) | – | 93 (18.4) | 60 (16.2) | 33 (24.8) | 0.021 |
| CVD | N° (%) | – | 136 (26.9) | 82 (22.2) | 54 (40.6) | < 0.001 |
| Dementia | N° (%) | – | 40 (8.1) | 26 (7) | 14 (10.5) | 0.140 |
| Psychiatric disease | N° (%) | – | 61 (12.1) | 47 (12.7) | 14 (10.6) | 0.318 |
| COPD | N° (%) | – | 36 (7.1) | 21 (5.7) | 15 (11.3) | 0.029 |
| Asthma | N° (%) | – | 26 (5.1) | 17 (4.6) | 9 (6.8) | 0.223 |
| Asymptomatic c | N° (%) | – | 48 (9.5) | 34 (9.2) | 14 (10.5) | 0.386 |
| CCI score | N | – | 3.4 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 4.3 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 |
Favourable outcome included recovered/discharged patients; Unfavourable outcome included patients who died during hospitalization or required transfer to intensive care units
ap values refer to the comparison between favourable and unfavourable outcomes
bConsidering 325 cases with available information; all patients with positive habits were former/active smokers
cAsymptomatic referred to respiratory symptoms suspect for COVID-19
Abbreviations: WBC white blood cells, CRP C-reactive protein, IL-6 interleukin 6, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide, TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone, fT4 free thyroxine, fT3 free triiodothyronine, PaO2/FiO2 ratio of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to the fraction of oxygen in inspired gas, CVD cardiovascular disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index