Table 3.
Associations between vitamins and carotenoids and liver fibrosis.
| Exposures | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2 vs. T1 | T3 vs. T1 | T2 vs. T1 | T3 vs. T1 | T2 vs. T1 | T3 vs. T1 | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Vitamin A, RAE | 1.12 (0.69–1.83) | 1.18 (0.71–1.94) | 1.20 (0.75–1.91) | 1.30 (0.80–2.09) | 1.12 (0.73–1.71) | 1.18 (0.72–1.93) |
| Vitamin B1 | 0.98 (0.71–1.36) | 1.27 (0.78–2.08) | 0.99 (0.73–1.35) | 1.34 (0.84–2.12) | 0.98 (0.72–1.32) | 1.31 (0.80–2.15) |
| Vitamin B2 | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) | 1.00 (0.65–1.54) | 1.10 (0.78–1.54) | 1.07 (0.71–1.61) | 1.10 (0.73–1.66) | 0.92 (0.59–1.44) |
| Vitamin B6 | 1.11 (0.72–1.72) | 1.10 (0.68–1.76) | 1.15 (0.78–1.70) | 1.17 (0.75–1.85) | 1.10 (0.78–1.57) | 1.07 (0.65–1.77) |
| Vitamin B12 | 1.53 (1.03–2.29)* | 1.44 (0.97–2.13) | 1.59 (1.08–2.33)* | 1.49 (1.01–2.18)* | 1.40 (0.94–2.09) | 1.23 (0.76–2.01) |
| Choline | 1.49 (1.04–2.14)* | 1.45 (1.00–2.10)* | 1.57 (1.13–2.19)* | 1.56 (1.11–2.21)* | 1.43 (1.04–1.98)* | 1.01 (0.62–1.64) |
| Niacin | 0.95 (0.54–1.66) | 1.23 (0.80–1.89) | 0.96 (0.56–1.66) | 1.29 (0.86–1.91) | 0.98 (0.55–1.76) | 1.12 (0.74–1.70) |
| Folate, DFE | 0.80 (0.43–1.48) | 0.95 (0.57–1.58) | 0.82 (0.45–1.48) | 1.00 (0.62–1.62) | 0.82 (0.47–1.41) | 1.04 (0.63–1.72) |
| Vitamin C | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 0.96 (0.63–1.48) | 0.84 (0.56–1.26) | 1.05 (0.71–1.55) | 0.82 (0.51–1.32) | 1.18 (0.79–1.76) |
| α-carotene | 1.74 (1.10–2.75)* | 1.34 (0.85–2.11) | 1.85 (1.16–2.95)* | 1.48 (0.94–2.33) | 2.02 (1.37–2.99)** | 1.67 (1.01–2.74)* |
| β-carotene | 1.00 (0.66–1.52) | 1.10 (0.61–1.99) | 1.07 (0.69–1.66) | 1.22 (0.66–2.27) | 1.12 (0.70–1.81) | 1.28 (0.65–2.54) |
| β-cryptoxanthin | 0.88 (0.55–1.42) | 1.24 (0.78–1.99) | 0.90 (0.55–1.47) | 1.29 (0.80–2.09) | 0.84 (0.51–1.40) | 1.16 (0.63–2.14) |
| Serum vitamin C | 0.42 (0.32–0.56)** | 0.44 (0.29–0.67)** | 0.43 (0.32–0.57)** | 0.45 (0.29–0.70)** | 0.45 (0.32–0.62)** | 0.62 (0.36–1.08) |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | 1.26 (0.84–1.90) | 1.09 (0.67–1.76) | 1.30 (0.88–1.93) | 1.22 (0.75–1.97) | 1.03 (0.66–1.62) | 1.11 (0.61–2.02) |
| Lycopene | 0.69 (0.41–1.16) | 0.85 (0.46–1.57) | 0.70 (0.42–1.17) | 0.89 (0.49–1.60) | 0.71 (0.42–1.21) | 0.88 (0.48–1.63) |
T1, tertile 1; T2, tertile 2; T3, tertile 3.
OR (95% CI), odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
RAE, retinol activity equivalents; DFE, dietary folate equivalents.
Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.
Model 2 was adjusted for covariates in model 1, and also education, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol drinking.
Model 3 was adjusted for covariates in model 2, and also body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, and dietary intakes of cholesterol.