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. 2021 Nov 4;9:749559. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749559

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Copyright © 2021 Umer, Arévalo, Phadke, Lohanadan, Kirfel, Sons, Sofia, Witke and Schorle.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flagellum analysis on mature sperm cells from Pfn3^+/+, Pfn3^+/–, and Pfn3^–/– mice. Mito Red staining (red) of sperm flagellum on (A) Pfn3^+/+; (B) Pfn3^+/–; and (C–E) Pfn3^–/– sperm cells isolated from cauda epididymis. Scale bar = 10 μm. Ultrastructural analysis using TEM on (F) Pfn3^+/+; (G) Pfn3^+/–; and (H–J) Pfn3^–/– sperm cells isolated from cauda epididymis. Vacuolated mitochondria are shown by asterisk, and fibrous sheet that contained more than one axoneme–mitochondrial complex is shown by arrows. Scale bar = 5 μm. Surface analysis using SEM on (K) Pfn3^+/+, (L) Pfn3^+/–, and (M,N) Pfn3^–/– mature sperm cells isolated from cauda epididymis. Scale bar = 50 μm. (O) Statistical analysis of Mito Red-stained flagellum of Pfn3^+/+, Pfn3^+/–, and Pfn3^–/– sperm cells. Data is presented as mean ± SD using ANOVA (Tukey’s post hoc) (*p < 0.05).