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. 2021 Nov 4;9:749559. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749559

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Copyright © 2021 Umer, Arévalo, Phadke, Lohanadan, Kirfel, Sons, Sofia, Witke and Schorle.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The acrosomal reaction (AR) using calcium ionophore. (A) Coomassie-stained sperm cells of Pfn3^+/+, Pfn3^+/–, and Pfn3^–/–. Black arrow heads indicate successful acrosomal reaction took place. A white arrow indicates a crescent-shape acrosome on sperm head, indicating acrosomal reaction did not take place. (B) Percentage of acrosomal-reacted sperm for Pfn3^+/+, Pfn3^+/–, and Pfn3^–/– (n = 3 biological replicates/genotype, ^∗∗∗p < 0.0005, Student’s t-test, one tail, paired).