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. 2021 Nov 4;9:749559. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749559

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Copyright © 2021 Umer, Arévalo, Phadke, Lohanadan, Kirfel, Sons, Sofia, Witke and Schorle.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Disruption in autophagic flux and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway of Pfn3-deficient mice. (A) Immunoblot analysis against ATG2A, LC3B, SQSTM1, mTOR, phospho-mTOR, and phospho-AMPKα on protein lysates from Pfn3^+/+, Pfn3^+/–, and Pfn3^–/– testes. (B) Immunohistochemical staining against phospho-mTOR on Pfn3^+/+, Pfn3^+/–, and Pfn3^–/– testis sections (top row). (C) Immunohistochemical staining against LC3B on Pfn3^+/+, Pfn3^+/–, and Pfn3^–/– testis sections (bottom row). Staining of testicular tissue sections from Pfn3^+/+ (left column), Pfn3^+/– (middle column), and Pfn3^–/– (right column) animals is shown. Scale bar = 100 μm.