FIGURE 4.

Modular modeling of the cardiovascular and renal systems. The original model decomposed into two modules in accordance with human physiology. The “Cardiovascular system” module is responsible for calculation of such variables as mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiac output (CO). The “Renal system” module in turn regulates total body blood volume (V) and concentration of angiotensin II bound to the AT1 receptors (AT1-ANG II). The value of hematocrit (Hct) is constant. It is determined in “Cardiovascular system” and passed to “Renal system” for use.