Table 1.

Different EDCs identified from the source point and their experimentally validated effects on Humans

Name of EDCs	Source/Present in	Effect on humans	Reference
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)	Drugs	•Higher Chances of Breast Cancer •Genital birth defects in infant males such as hypospadias and cryptorchidism	Okada et al., (2001); IARC, (2012)
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)	Insecticide	•Skin Lesions •Male offspring such as •Hypospadias and undescended testes •Pancreatic cancer •CNS toxicity	Longnecker et al., (2002); John Beard (2006)
Chlorpyrifos,	Insecticide	•Defects of the gonads, •Reduced activity of the luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) •Necrotic changes in the seminiferous Tubules	Alaa-Eldin et al. (2017)
Atrazine,	Herbicide	•Hepatic steatosis	Foulds et al., (2017); Harper AP (2020)
2, 4-D, Glyphosate	Herbicide	•Oxidative stress, damages in liver and kidneys •Reproduction toxicity •Breast cancer •Endocrine disruption	Mink et al., (2012); Swanson et al., (2014); Mesnage et al., (2015b); Fluegge and Fluegge, (2016); Fortes et al., (2016); Myers et al., (2016)
Bisphenol A (BPA),	Plastics	•Obesity, •Diabetes mellitus, •Female infertility, •Male sexual dysfunction, •Reduced birth weight and atypical •Neurobehaviours in children	Rochester (2013); Okugbe and Songhe (2019)
Phthalates	Food Storage Materials	•Reduced maternal levels of thyroid hormone	Horton et al., (2015); Steinmaus et al., (2016); Rubin et al., (2017); Knight et al., (2018)
Perfluorochemicals and PFAS	Non-Stick Food Wrappers, Microwave Popcorn Bags	•Alter cholesterol levels •Disrupt thyroid function •Harm liver and kidney function •Alter immune response •Raise the risk of ulcerative colitis •Harm reproductive health •Increase the risk of birth defects •Decrease infant birth weights •Cause tumours and cancer	Blake et al. (2020)