Fig. 3. Localization of GCNA protein in different types of spermatogonial cells and effect of the stop PV on the development of spermatogonial cells in human testes.

Testicular biopsies with complete spermatogenesis (control) and from GCNA patient 1 (patient) were examined for: (A) The presence of GCNA (red) in spermatogonial cells which were marked by MAGE-A (specific markers for spermatogonial cells) (green). Immunofluorescence staining was done using specific antibodies for each marker. B The presence of GCNA (red) in germ cells which were marked by DAZL (green) in testicular biopsy from control and from patient. Staining of the patient’s biopsy with DAZL did not show any signal. C The presence of spermatogonial cells expressing phospho-H2AX. Note very few cells expressing phospho-H2AX in the patient’s biopsy.