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. 2021 Nov 30;11:608. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01733-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Schematic showing the process of deriving astrocytes from Major Depression (MDD) patient skin samples and treatment with chronic cortisol for RNA-sequencing. b Bright field representative images of astrocytes differentiated from 3 healthy control individuals and 6 MDD patients; scale bar = 100 µm. c Quantification of astrocyte marker expression measured via immunostain. Bars show mean ± SEM, n = 6 individuals (individuals are represented by dots). d Principal component analysis of transcriptome sequencing data in all treated samples; black dots = healthy individuals, blue dots = MDD individuals. e Volcano plots depicting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upregulated (green dots) or downregulated (purple dots) following treatment with cortisol; n = 3 (Healthy); n = 6 (MDD). f Venn diagram comparison of DEGs unique to each cohort and those that overlap. g Selected highly significant genes regulated by chronic cortisol in both healthy and MDD individuals with top gene ontology categories, left. h Top gene ontology categories from DEGs unique to MDD (287 genes); bars represent the logPvalue of the term and numbers within the bar represent the genes in our list under that term. i Selected highly significant genes in top GO categories unique to MDD confirmed by RT-qPCR; bars show mean log₂fold change over vehicle ± SEM for n = 6 (individuals are represented by dots).