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. 2021 Nov 12;11:765879. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.765879

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Copyright © 2021 Santos, Silva, Reis, Barreto, Cardoso, Ribeiro dos Santos, Meira and Soares

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Main effects of immunomodulatory therapies on CCC models. Immunomodulatory drugs and cell/gene therapies are able to modulate systemic inflammation and myocarditis though different pathways in CCC models. The main immunomodulatory effects shown are: recruitment of T regulatory T cells (Treg) or myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC); increased production of IL-10, recruitment of macrophages with a M2 phenotype; and decrease of IFN-γ, TNF, and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin) levels. In addition, several therapies described here also promoted a reduction of fibrosis and parasite load, which ameliorate the heart deterioration.