FIGURE 4.

Effect of alcohol overconsumption on the gut microbiome and intestinal homeostasis. Over consumption of alcohol positively correlates with the severity of manifested dysbiosis in the lower bowel and occurrence liver diseases. Dysbiosis resulted from alcohol overconsumption, leads to the increase in abundance of pathogenic bacteria, increase in viral diversity, production of LPS, secondary bile acids and activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Alcohol overconsumption also downregulates production of SCFAs, results in decreased alpha and fungal diversity and decrease reabsorption of primary bile acids (PAMPs = pathogen associated molecular patterns).