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. 2021 Nov 12;15:746873. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.746873

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Copyright © 2021 Hu, Liu and Qi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mitochondrial fission, fusion, and transport in healthy and degenerative neurons. Mitochondrial fusion is mainly mediated by MFN1/2 and OPA1 on the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, respectively. Mitochondrial fission is regulated by cytosolic DRP1 and its adaptor proteins (e.g., MFF, Fis1, and Mid49/51) on the OMM. After translocating onto mitochondria, DRP1 assembles to constrict the mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial axonal transport is mediated by the motor-adaptor protein complex. Anterograde transport is regulated by kinesin motor and Miro/Milton adaptors, whereas retrograde transport is regulated by the dynein/dynactin protein complex. In neurodegenerative diseases, dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and impaired mitochondrial transport in neurons.