TABLE 2.

Function of therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases.

Disease	Agent	Molecular action	Effects on mitochondria	References
Alzheimer’s disease	Mdivi1	DRP1 inhibitor	Rescues mitochondrial morphology	Xie et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2017; Reddy et al., 2017b, 2018; Yuan et al., 2021
	Szeto-Schiller tetrapeptides 31 (SS31)	Specifically binds to cardiolipin	Rescues mitochondrial morphology; reduces ROS production	Jia et al., 2016; Reddy et al., 2017a
	AP39	H2S donor	Rescues mitochondrial morphology; reduces ROS production	Zhao et al., 2016
	Citalopram	Serotonin reuptake inhibitor	Increases bioenergetics	Zhang et al., 2018; Reddy et al., 2021
	TAT-DRP1-SpS	Blocks DRP1 phosphorylation by GSK3β	Rescues mitochondrial morphology	Yan et al., 2015
	DDQ	Inhibits interaction between Aβ and DRP1	Rescues mitochondrial morphology	Kuruva et al., 2017; Vijayan et al., 2021
	S14	Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-7 inhibitor	Regulates mitophagy; rescues mitochondrial morphology	Perez-Gonzalez et al., 2013; Bartolome et al., 2018
	Nicotinamide riboside	NAD + precursor that enhances mitophagy	Enhances clearance of damaged mitochondria	Gong et al., 2013; Xie et al., 2019
	Urolithin A	Metabolite from gut bacteria that enhances mitophagy		Fang et al., 2019; Esselun et al., 2021
	Bexarotene	Promotes mitophagy		Martin-Maestro et al., 2019; Vidal et al., 2021
	Spermidine	Enhances mitophagy		Yang et al., 2020
	Trehalose	Non-reducing disaccharide that enhances mitophagy		Tien et al., 2016
	Resveratrol	Promotes Sirt1-dependent mitophagy		Gu et al., 2021
Parkinson’s disease	P110	DRP1/Fis1 inhibitor	Rescues mitochondrial morphology	Qi et al., 2013; Filichia et al., 2016
	Mdivi1	DRP1 inhibitor	Rescues mitochondrial morphology	Bido et al., 2017
	BC1464	Disrupts the FBXO7/PINK1 interaction	Rescues mitophagy	Liu Y. et al., 2020
	Compound 3	Miro1 reducer	Rescues mitochondrial transport	Hsieh et al., 2019
	Sulfhydration	Hydrogen sulfide donor	Reduces ROS production; Enhance Parkin activity	Vandiver et al., 2013
	Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors	Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors	Enhance mitophagy	Moskal et al., 2020
	MitoQ	Augments antioxidant activity of CoQ10	Reduces ROS; rescues mitochondrial morphology	Snow et al., 2010; Solesio et al., 2013; Ojano-Dirain et al., 2014; Xi et al., 2018
	kinetin/kinetin triphosphate (KTP)	ATP analog enhances PINK1 activity	Enhances mitophagy	Hertz et al., 2013; Osgerby et al., 2017
	FT385 and USP30	USP30 inhibitor		Bingol et al., 2014; Rusilowicz-Jones et al., 2020; Luo et al., 2021
	Rapamycin	mTOR activator		Pan et al., 2009; Tain et al., 2009; Crews et al., 2010
Huntington’s disease	Mdivi1	DRP1 inhibitor	Rescues mitochondrial morphology	Manczak and Reddy, 2015; Cherubini et al., 2020
	CHIR99021	Stabilizes calpastatin		Hu et al., 2021b
	P110	DRP1/Fis1 inhibitor		Guo X. et al., 2013
	HV3	Blocks the Htt/VCP interaction	Reduces excessive mitophagy	Guo et al., 2016
	DA1	Blocks the ATAD3A/DRP1 interaction	Rescues mitochondrial morphology	Zhao Y. et al., 2019
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	P110	DRP1/Fis1 inhibitor	Rescues mitochondrial morphology	Joshi et al., 2018b
	Olesoxime	Mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor	Inhibits mitophagy	Bordet et al., 2007; Martin, 2010
	Nortriptyline	Mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor	Inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition	Wang et al., 2007
	Resveratrol	Mitophagy activator	Enhances the clearance of damaged mitochondria	Markert et al., 2010; Mancuso et al., 2014; Laudati et al., 2019