Figure 2.

The current application mode of USCs in bone injuries healing. Pretreatment and transduction could improve the performance of USCs. The extracellular vesicles secreted by USCs have a therapeutic effect. USCs cultured with the scaffold materials may show a synergistic effect. A variety of cellular strategies may exert bioactivities through different pathways, and ultimately act on effector cells to repair the bone injury. SM-BCP surface mineralized biphasic calcium phosphate, β-TCP β-Tricalcium phosphate, PLGA/CS poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium silicate composite