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. 2021 Dec 1;29(7):9408–9421. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17731-9

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 2 — a Overview of hospital waste management (Pieper et al. 2017). b Global demand of PPE during COVID-19 for healthcare workers each month estimated by WHO (Singh et al. 2020)