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. 2021 Dec 1;8:37. doi: 10.1186/s40580-021-00289-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Working modes of electromagnetic energy harvesters: a rotational, b oscillatory and c hybrid; working modes of triboelectric nanogenerators d vertical contact-separation mode, e in-plane contact-sliding mode, f single-electrode mode and g freestanding mode working modes of piezoelectric energy harvesters: h d₃₃ working mode, i d₃₁ working mode and j piezotronic working mode; k schematic diagram of a thermoelectric nanogenerator l schematic of the micro pyroelectric energy harvester [39] (Images are re-used with the permission of the publisher)