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. 2021 Dec 1;8:37. doi: 10.1186/s40580-021-00289-0

Table 3.

Triboelectric nanogenerator based 3D printed energy harvesting devices, their output energy capacities and applications

Energy harvesting devices Source of excitation Excitations Materials Output Applications
Wrist-wearable TENG device Human wrist-motions ≤ 5 Hz ABS, PLA 0.118 mW/cm3 Self-powered healthcare monitoring sensors
Bidirectional gear transmission based TENG The motion of the human foot 3.5 Hz PLA 4 mW Thermometers
Elastic TENG based self-powered electro-Fenton system Reciprocation by hand 2–5 Hz Acrylic 1.95 W/m2 Sustainable removal of methylene blue (MB) emissions
Hybrid coaxial TENG Rotary motion 100–400 rpm ABS, acrylic 846.4 μ W Small toys
Wind-driven hybrid TENG nanogenerator Slow speed wind 6 m/s PLA 245 mW Subway tunnel
Freestanding kinetic-impact-based TENG Human motions 5 Hz PLA 102.29 mW Thermo-hygrometers, smartwatches
Flexible TENG for vibration energy harvesting Vibrations 6 Hz Acrylic 608.5 mW/m2 Portable and wearable sensors
3D-printed silicone-Cu fiber-based TENG Human motion  ≤ 5 Hz Si elastomer 31.39 mW/m2 Biomechanical applications
Integrated flywheel & spiral spring TENG Human foot motion  ≤ 5 Hz PLA 38.4 mJ LEDs
Low-frequency resonant TENG nanogenerator Manual vibrations 18 Hz ABS 2.61 mW Vibration sensors, recharging batteries
Novel sweep-type TENG Rotary motion 1.2 m/s PLA 400 V, 15 μA Driver habits-monitoring
Mechanical frequency regulator based TENG Human and windmill 10–50 Hz PLA 17 V, 6.5 mA Wireless node sensors
Water droplet vibrations based TENGs Vibrations 1–30 Hz ITO glass 7.55 μW Self-powered electronic systems
Origami-tessellation-based TENG Ambient excitations 3–16 Hz Nylon 26.16 μW Energy harvesting on road pavement
Galloping TENG based on two flexible beams Wind energy 1.4–6 m/s ABS, PET 200 V, 7 μA Outdoor electric devices
Direction-switchable TENG Human joint motions 5–15 cm/s PLA 5 V, 10 μA Temperature sensors
Rotary cam-based TENG Rotary motion 300–1000 rpm PLA 3.5 mW Commercial and industrial applications
Nanopillar-array architectured TENG Wind energy 14–15 m/s PLA 568 V, 25.6 μA Wind energy harvesting

The references of the research papers cited in this table are provided in the Additional file 1

EMG electromagnetic generator, TENG triboelectric nanogenerator, ABS acrylonitrile poly-butadiene styrene, PLA polylactic acid, ITO Indium tin oxide