Table 4.
Piezoelectric nanogenerator based 3D printed energy harvesting devices, their output energy capacities and applications
| Energy harvesting devices | Source of excitation | Excitations | Materials | Output | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Piezoelectric ceramics for MEH | Vibrations | – | Photocurable resin | 0.301 V | Energy focusing, ultrasonic sensing |
| Piezoelectric BNNTs nanocomposites | Biomechanical energy | 10 Hz | Photocurable resin | 24 mV/kPa | Conformal sensors, haptic sensing of robotic hand |
| 3D-printed PVDF-TrFE piezoelectric film | Finger and wrist joints | 0.5–4 Hz | PVDF-TrFE | 73.5 V | External stress stimulation, tactile sensors, artificial skin |
| Stretchable kirigami piezoelectric nanogenerator | Vibrations from magnetic shaker | 5 Hz | Piezoelectric ink | 1.4 μW/cm2 | Self-powered gait sensor |
| Stretchable piezoelectric nanogenerator | Vibrations from magnetic shaker | 5 Hz | 3D printable ink | 0.29 V | Body motion sensor |
| 3DAIS | 3D vibration, rotation & human motion | 2.5 Hz | Acrylic | 0.19 µW | Multi-axis rotation and acceleration inertial sensing, telemedicine applications |
| Stiffness-tunable soft robotic gripper | Finger bending | 1 mm/s | FLX9760, RGD8530 | 3 V | Anthropomorphic grippers |
| Ceramic-polymer composite | Universal testing machine | 100 Hz | Grid-composite | 270 mV | Flexible electronics, force sensors |
The references of the research papers cited in this table are provided in the Additional file 1
BNNTs Boron nitride nanotubes, PVDF-TrFE Poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene), 3DAIS 3D activity inertial sensor