Table 6.
TENG, PENG, TEG and EMG based 3D printed hybrid MEH devices, their output energy capacities and applications
| Energy harvesting devices | Source of excitation | Excitations | Materials | Output | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hybrid EMG-TENG wrist-wearable device | Human wrist-motions | 5 Hz | ABS, PLA | 0.118 mW/cm3 | Wearable healthcare monitoring equipment |
| Hybrid EMG-TENG-PENG 3DAIS device | 3D vibration, rotation & human motion | 2.5 Hz | Acrylic | 0.19 µW | Inertial sensing |
| Hybrid EMG-TENG wind-driven nanogenerator | Slow speed wind | 6 m/s | PLA | 245 mW | Subway tunnel monitoring sensors |
| Hybrid EMG-TENG device resonating at low frequency | Manual vibrations | 18 Hz | ABS | 2.61 mW | Vibration study |
|
Hybrid TENG-EMG-PENG energy harvester |
Hybrid step-servo motor | 45 rpm (0.75 Hz) | ABS | 712 μW, 31 mW, 6.4 μW | – |
| Solar & electromagnetic Energy harvesting System | Solar irradiance | 100 mW/cm2 | PLA | 93 mW | Internet-of-Things |
| 3D printed miniature EMG device driven by airflow | Wind energy, wind tunnel | – | ABS | 0.305 W | HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditions) ventilation exhaust systems |
| Hybrid EMG-TENG rotating gyro structured blue EH | Blue energy | 1.2 to 2.3 Hz | White resin | 14.9 mW (EMG) 4.1 μW (TENG) | Self-powered and self-functional tracking system |
| Ship-shaped hybridized nanogenerator (SHNG) | Blue energy (linear motor) | 2 Hz | PLA | 800 µW (TENG) 9 mW (EMG) | Seawater self-desalination and self-powered positioning |
The references of the research papers cited in this table are provided in the Additional file 1
EMG electromagnetic generator, TENG triboelectric nanogenerator, PENG piezoelectric nanogenerator, 3DAIS 3D activity inertial sensor, ABS acrylonitrile poly-butadiene styrene, PLA polylactic acid, EH energy harvester