Table 8.
Optimal 3D printing methods, printing parameters and 3D printers involved in fabricating novel structures of 3DP-NMEHs
| Sr | Structure/shape | Printing approach | 3D printer company | Printing parameters | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hierarchical and porous structures | FDM | HTS-300, Fochif Tech., pressure-controlled direct ink printer |
Deposition speed of 2.8 mm s−1, extrusion speed of 0.008 mm s−1, filament diameter of 0.85 mm, and micro-nozzle diameter of 0.80 mm |
Wearable electronics |
| 2 | Circular-shaped structures | FDM | Shining, Einstart-p, 3D printer | Uniform material extrusion from needle | Voiceprint recognition sensor |
| 3 | Square-shaped structures | FDM | 30 M Hyrel 3D, USA 3D printer | Nozzle inner diameter of 0.5 mm | Self-healing/ stretchable conductor |
| 4 | Cubical shape | Hybrid UV based 3D printing | 3D printer equipped with automatic UV curing, pressure-injection, and ink extrusion along with precision positioning platform | UV-based curing and printing precision of 1 μm | Ultra-flexible 3D printed TENG |
| 5 | Cylindrical structures | FDM |
Makerbot Industry, USA, Replicator 2X 3D printer |
Printing speed 90 mms−1 with plate temperature of 110 , using a raft to improve the adhesion between the plate and 3D printed parts |
Noise-canceling |
| 6 | Hollow circular-shaped tubes | FDM | – | 3D-printed circular tube of 1.1 cm inner dia and 1.2 cm outer dia |
Human biomechanical energy harvesting |
| 7 | Lamellar porous constructions | DIW | – | An 840 μm dia cylindrical nozzle to print CNF ink through DIW printer | Multifunctional sensors |
| 8 | Biomimetic-villus shaped structure | DLP | Master Plus J 845 DLP printer from Carima, Korea | – | Dust filter |
| 9 | Grating disk-like structure | FDM, SLM | ProX DMP 320 from 3D Systems, metal 3D printer | 3D printing in argon gas with a 245 W laser, with 60 μm layer thickness, 82 μm side step, and 1250 mm s−1 mark speed | Sustainable energy harvesting |
| 10 | Sponge | FDM | Z300, Beijing Huitianwei Technology Co., Ltd, China, 3D FDM printer | Nozzle size of approx. 10 μm | Energy harvesting applications |
| 11 | Zigzag design | FDM |
FDM printer Z300, Beijing Huitianwei Technology Co., Ltd, China |
Material extrusion with 0.1 mm layer height | Mechanical energy harvesting |
| 12 | Hierarchical morphological structures | DIW | – | Parallel printing direction with 0.2 mm tip diameter | Mechanical energy harvesting |
The references of the research papers cited in this table are provided in the Additional file 1
FDM fused deposition modelling, DIW direct ink writing, SLM selective laser melting, UV ultraviolet