Figure 4.

The exposure–response (E-R) relationship curves with 3df for cardiovascular emergency department visits, hospital admissions and mortality with fossil-fuel combustion-related PM2.5 mass and biomass combustion-related PM2.5 mass. The strongest single-day fossil-fuel PM2.5 associations with cardiovascular emergency department visits and hospital admissions were at lag-0, and with mortality was at lag-1. The strongest single-day biomass PM2.5 associations with cardiovascular emergency department visits and hospital admissions were at lag-0, and with mortality was at lag-1. The model was adjusted for long-term trends and seasonality, day-of-week, Ramadan, blockade days, holidays and the effect of temperature and relative humidity. ED, emergency department; E-R, exposure–response; PM2.5, fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm.