Table 1.
Between-group comparisons of primary and secondary pain groups
| Primary Pain | Secondary Pain | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 123* | N = 162* | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years (median) | 13 (n = 118) | 14 (n = 153) | 0.29a |
| Sex, male (%) | 33/123 (26.8%) | 63/161 (39.1%) | 0.029b |
| Trigger | |||
| None | 40 | 40 | 0.14b (none vs event) |
| Surgery | 5 | 31 | |
| Injury | 30 | 44 | |
| Illness | 18 | 30 | |
| Other | 30 | 17 | |
| Birth order | |||
| First (%) | 59 (50%) | 75 (48%) | 0.70b |
| Later | 58 | 81 | |
| Total | 117 | 156 | |
| Pain duration, months (median, IQR) | 22 (6–168) | 25 (9–308) | 0.106a |
| Social Deprivation Index, (median) | 4 | 5 | 0.245a |
| Pain intensity, 0–10 NRS | |||
| Average (median, IQR) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (5–8) | 0.113a |
| Highest (median, IQR) | 9 (8–10) | 9 (8–10) | 0.320a |
| Lowest (median, IQR) | 5 (3–6) | 4 (2–6) | 0.006a |
| Pain-related disability | |||
| School | |||
| Days missed (median) | 15 (n = 76) | 13 (n = 101) | 0.30a |
| % Attendance (median) | 75% (n = 35) | 75% (n = 45) | 0.61a |
| Social | |||
| Interference: 0–10 NRS (median) | 8 (n = 97) | 7 (n = 131) | 0.74a |
| Parental measures | |||
| Child’s pain intensity | |||
| Pain intensity: average 0–10 NRS (median, IQR) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (5–8) | 0.70a |
| Child’s pain coping | |||
| Pain coping ability: 0–10 NRS (median, IQR) | 6 (4–7) | 6 (4–8) | 0.99a |
| PCS-P (median, IQR) | |||
| Total | 28 (20–36) | 31 (21–39) | 0.24a |
| Rumination | 13 (10–15) | 13 (11–15) | 0.45a |
| Magnification | 4 (2–6) | 5 (3–8) | 0.02a |
| Helplessness | 12 (8–16.5) | 13 (7.5–18) | 0.49a |
*
Sample size for full group; for outcomes where data was not available for all participants, the number of participants (n=x) is included.
a
Obtained using Mann-Whitney test.
b
P values by chi-squared test.
Values in bold represent P <0.05. IQR=Interquartile Range.