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. 2021 Nov 27;3(Suppl 5):v144–v156. doi: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab115

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press, the Society for Neuro-Oncology and the European Association of Neuro-Oncology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Technical aspects to improve brain metastasis models. Incorporating therapies is highly necessary to recapitulate the disease in patients. In addition, the presence of a primary tumor with known genetics, considering sex and age as important variables, the use of improved molecular imaging resources (ie, next generation of luciferases), single-cell technologies to deconstruct the complexity of the brain metastasis associated microenvironment, advanced tissue processing technologies (ie, tissue clearing) so intact metastasis could be studied, and evaluate the impact of brain metastasis in the whole organisms (ie, behavior) will certainly increase the quality of the evaluation of metastatic disease in the brain.