Table 1.
Sample characteristics at baseline
| Total | Resilient | Recovery | Worsening | Chronic | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 288 | N = 152 | N = 57 | N = 53 | N = 26 | ||
| Age, mean (SD)† | 28.0 (7.0) | 28.1 (6.6) | 27.7 (7.2) | 28.7 (8.8) | 29.1 (6.7) | 0.807 |
| Male, n (%)* | 285 (99.0) | 151 (99.3) | 56 (98.2) | 53 (100.0) | 25 (96.2) | 0.386 |
| Marital status, n (%)* | 0.882 | |||||
| Single, Never Married | 136 (47.2) | 75 (49.3) | 28 (49.1) | 21 (39.6) | 12 (46.2) | |
| Married/Partnered | 139 (48.3) | 71 (46.7) | 27 (47.4) | 29 (54.7) | 12 (46.2) | |
| Separated/Divorced | 13 (4.5) | 6 (3.9) | 2 (3.5) | 3 (5.7) | 2 (7.7) | |
| Race, n (%)* | 0.343 | |||||
| Caucasian/White | 223 (77.4) | 123 (80.9) | 44 (77.2) | 39 (73.6) | 17 (65.4) | |
| African American/Black | 14 (4.9) | 4 (2.6) | 5 (8.8) | 3 (5.7) | 2 (7.7) | |
|
Asian American/Pacific Islander/Native American/Other |
51 (17.7) | 25 (16.4) | 8 (14.0) | 11 (20.8) | 7 (26.9) | |
| Non-Caucasian Hispanic, n (%)* | 40 (13.9) | 21 (13.8) | 5 (8.8) | 9 (17.0) | 5 (19.2) | 0.514 |
| Education, n (%)* | 0.327 | |||||
| High School/GED | 113 (39.2) | 54 (35.5) | 24 (42.1) | 26 (49.1) | 9 (34.6) | |
| Any College | 175 (60.8) | 98 (64.5) | 33 (57.9) | 27 (50.9) | 17 (65.4) | |
| Military Service, n (%)* | 0.851 | |||||
| Army | 216 (75.0) | 117 (77.0) | 39 (68.4) | 40 (75.5) | 20 (76.9) | |
| Marine Corps | 55 (19.1) | 28 (18.4) | 13 (22.8) | 9 (17.0) | 5 (19.2) | |
| Other | 17 (5.9) | 7 (4.6) | 5 (8.8) | 4 (7.5) | 1 (3.8) | |
| Number of study visits, mean (SD) † | 7.1 (2.6) | 7.2 (2.6) | 7.4 (2.3) | 6.7 (2.9) | 6.2 (2.4) | 0.795 |
| Months from injury to enrollment, n (%)* | 0.370 | |||||
| ≤ 6 months | 228 (79.2) | 120 (78.9) | 48 (84.2) | 38 (71.7) | 22 (84.6) | |
| > 6 months | 60 (20.8) | 32 (21.1) | 9 (15.8) | 15 (28.3) | 4 (15.4) | |
| Number of deployments, median [IQR]‡ | 2 [1, 3] | 2 [1, 3] | 2.00 [1, 2] | 1 [1, 3] | 2 [1, 3] | 0.652 |
| Baseline PTSD Checklist, mean (SD) † | 28.7 (13.8) | 19.3 (3.2) | 27.9 (5.8) | 37.3 (10.3) | 59.8 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Early regional anesthesia, n (%)* | 104 (36.1) | 51 (33.6) | 21 (36.8) | 20 (37.7) | 12 (46.2) | 0.650 |
| Length of Stay, Days, median, [IQR]‡ | 26 [13, 49] | 28 [15, 50] | 31 [10, 50] | 21 [10, 52] | 23 [17, 34] | 0.370 |
| Injury Severity Score, mean (SD) † | 18.2 (10.5) | 18.9 (10.8) | 18.1 (11.6) | 17.0 (9.6) | 16.9 (7.5) | 0.603 |
| Injury resulting in amputation, n (%)* | 108 (37.6) | 65 (42.8) | 22 (39.3) | 16 (30.2) | 5 (19.2) | 0.081 |
| Arm injury, n (%)* | 160 (55.7) | 86 (56.6) | 32 (57.1) | 29 (54.7) | 13 (50.0) | 0.063 |
| Leg injury, n (%)* | 241 (84.0) | 132 (86.8) | 46 (82.1) | 40 (75.5) | 23 (88.5) | 0.999 |
| Head injury, n (%)* | 113 (39.4) | 57 (37.5) | 22 (39.3) | 22 (41.5) | 12 (46.2) | 0.910 |
| Chest injury, n (%)* | 129 (44.9) | 66 (43.4) | 23 (41.1) | 27 (50.9) | 13 (50.0) | 0.123 |
| Explosive/Blast-related injury, n (%)* | 216 (75.0) | 117 (77.0) | 38 (66.7) | 43 (81.1) | 18 (69.2) | 0.066 |
| Gunshot injury, n (%)* | 46 (16.0) | 20 (13.2) | 13 (22.8) | 7 (13.2) | 6 (23.1) | 0.297 |
| Other mechanism of injury, n (%)* | 16 (5.6) | 12 (7.9) | 2 (3.5) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (3.8) | 0.494 |
*
Chi-square test.
†
ANOVA.
‡
Kruskal-Wallis.
PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; IQR = interquartile range.