Table 1.
List of common cytokines and inflammatory markers, grouped by their most common action: pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory or action upon cells in the adaptive immune response (Turner et al., 2014).
| Pro-Inflammatory | Anti-Inflammatory | Adaptive Immunity |
|---|---|---|
| IL-1β | IL-6a | IL-2 |
| IL-6a | IL-10 | IL-3 |
| IL-8 | IL-12 | IL-4 |
| IL-11 | IL-19 | IL-5 |
| IL-17 | IL-22 | IL-7 |
| IL-18 | IL-9 | |
| TNFα | IL-13 | |
| TNFβ | IL-15 | |
| IFNα | ||
| IFNβ | ||
| IFNγ |
Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; IFN, interferon.
a
Note: IL-6 has been reported to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory action (Trovato et al., 2021).