Table 1.
Herbal medicines capable of inhibiting or treating GIOP.
| Origin | Main components | In vitro | In vivo | Mechanism of bone protection | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cells | Dosage | Animal | Dosage and administration route | |||
| Celastrus genus of the Celastraceae family | Celastrol (78) | – | – | Male C57BL/6J mice | 1 mg/kg, per day for 12 weeks, i.m. | Activating Wnt signaling pathway |
| Daphne odora var. marginatai | Daphnetin (81) | MC3T3-E1 cells | 20 μM for 48 h | Male SD rats | i.m., i.p. | |
| Herba Cistanches | Echinacoside (82) | MC3T3-E1 cells | 10 mg/l for 48h | – | – | Induction of osteoblast apoptosis |
| Ginkgo Biloba | Ginkgo biloba extract (83) | – | – | Female Wistar rats | 28, 56 mg/kg, per day for 20 days or 30 days, i.g. | |
| Red Ginseng | Red Ginseng (79) | MC3T3-E1 cells | 250, 500, 1000 μg/mL for 48h | – | – | |
| Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson | Osthole (80) | – | – | Female SD rats | 10, 20 mg/kg, per day for 8 weeks, i.m. | Regulating TGF-β/Smad signaling |
| Rhizoma gastrodiae | Gastrodin (84) | MC3T3-E1 cells | 1, 5 μM for 48 h | Female SD rats | 1, 5 mg/kg, per day for 60 days, i.g. | Upregulating expression of BMP |
| Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. | Myricetin (85) | MC3T3-E1 cells | 20 μM | Male SD rats | 2.5 mg/kg,once every other day for a period of 5 weeks, i.p. | |
| Curcuma longa | Curcumin (86) | – | – | Male C57BL/6J mice | 200 mg/kg per day for 12 weeks, i.g. | Inhibiting the activity of RANKL/RANK signaling |
| Chansu | Gamabufotalin (87) | BMMs | 100, 150 nM for 3-5 days | – | – | |
| Piper sarmentosum Roxb. | Piper sarmentosum (88) | – | – | Male SD rats | 125 mg/kg | Inhibiting the activity of 11β-HSD1 |
| Achyranthes bidentata Bl. | β-ecdysone (89) | BMSC | 10-7 M for 8 h | Male Swiss-Webster mice | 0.5 mg/kg | Inhibiting the autophagy produced by osteoclasts |
| Pueraria Lobata | Total Flavones of Pueraria Lobata (90) | – | – | Female SD rats | 100, 200 mg/kg, per day for 12 weeks, i.g. | Promoting bone matrix formation |
| Pueraria pseudo-hirsuta TANG et WANG | Chilk extracts (91) | – | – | Female wistar rats | 200mg/kg, per day for 6 months, i.g | Decreasing sex hormone levels |
| Lycium chinense Miller | Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (92) | – | – | Wistar rats | 2.6 g/kg, per day for 12 weeks, i.g. | Regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | Salvianolic acid B (93) | – | – | Male SD rats | 40, 80 mg/kg, per day for 12 weeks, p.o. | Regulating lipid metabolism balance |