Table 1.
Characteristics of outpatients by COVID-19 lockdown, and changes in eating behavior, physical activity, mental health (n = 4,348).
| Variables |
Total (n = 4,348) |
COVID-19 lockdown | Eating behavior | Physical activity | Mental health | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
After lockdown (n = 1,972) |
Under lockdown (n = 2,376) |
Less healthy (n = 325) |
Unchanged or healthier (n = 4,002) |
Never/stopped or less active (n = 2,515) |
Unchanged or more active (n = 1,833) |
Worse MH (n = 1,643) |
Stable or better MH (n = 2,705) |
||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p a | n (%) | n (%) | p a | n (%) | n (%) | p a | n (%) | n (%) | p a | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 42.8 (16.7) | ||||||||||||
| Age groups | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| <60 | 3,412 (78.5) | 1,676 (85.0) | 1,736 (73.1) | 164 (50.5) | 3,233 (80.8) | 1,838 (73.1) | 1,574 (85.9) | 1,068 (65.0) | 2,344 (86.7) | ||||
| ≥60 | 936 (21.5) | 296 (15.0) | 640 (26.9) | 161 (49.5) | 769 (19.2) | 677 (26.9) | 259 (14.1) | 575 (35.0) | 361 (13.3) | ||||
| Gender | <0.001 | 0.129 | 0.009 | 0.155 | |||||||||
| Women | 2,694 (62.0) | 1,312 (66.5) | 1,382 (58.2) | 188 (57.8) | 2,494 (62.3) | 1,601 (63.7) | 1,093 (59.6) | 995 (60.6) | 1,699 (62.8) | ||||
| Men | 1,654 (38.0) | 660 (33.5) | 994 (41.8) | 137 (42.2) | 1,508 (37.7) | 914 (36.3) | 740 (40.4) | 648 (39.4) | 1,006 (37.2) | ||||
| Marital status | <0.001 | 0.030 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Never married | 772 (17.8) | 480 (24.4) | 292 (12.3) | 43 (13.2) | 726 (18.2) | 343 (13.7) | 429 (23.4) | 204 (12.4) | 568 (21.1) | ||||
| Ever married | 3,560 (82.2) | 1,485 (75.6) | 2,075 (87.7) | 282 (86.8) | 3,261 (81.8) | 2,156 (86.3) | 1,404 (76.6) | 1,438 (87.6) | 2,122 (78.9) | ||||
| Education level | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 | |||||||||
| Junior high school or | 1,007 (23.2) | 415 (21.1) | 592 (24.9) | 99 (30.6) | 906 (22.7) | 588 (23.4) | 419 (22.9) | 413 (25.2) | 594 (22.0) | ||||
| lower | |||||||||||||
| Senior high school | 1,196 (27.5) | 465 (23.6) | 731 (30.8) | 106 (32.7) | 1,079 (27.0) | 759 (30.2) | 437 (23.9) | 471 (28.7) | 725 (26.9) | ||||
| College/university or | 2,139 (49.3) | 1,088 (55.3) | 1,051 (44.3) | 119 (36.7) | 2,012 (50.3) | 1,163 (46.3) | 976 (53.3) | 758 (46.2) | 1,381 (51.1) | ||||
| higher | |||||||||||||
| Occupational status | 0.227 | 0.024 | 0.008 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| No job | 474 (10.9) | 202 (10.2) | 272 (11.4) | 48 (14.8) | 423 (10.6) | 302 (12.0) | 172 (9.4) | 245 (14.9) | 229 (8.5) | ||||
| Having a job | 3,874 (89.1) | 1,770 (89.8) | 2,104 (88.6) | 277 (85.2) | 3,579 (89.4) | 2,213 (88.0) | 1,661 (90.6) | 1,398 (85.1) | 2,476 (91.5) | ||||
| Ability to pay for medical care | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Very or fairly easy | 1,626 (37.5) | 1,063 (54.0) | 1,649 (69.5) | 253 (77.8) | 2,442 (61.1) | 1,698 (67.8) | 1,014 (55.3) | 1,167 (71.0) | 1,545 (57.3) | ||||
| Very or fairly difficult | 2,712 (62.5) | 904 (46.0) | 722 (30.5) | 72 (22.2) | 1,552 (38.9) | 808 (32.2) | 818 (44.7) | 476 (29.0) | 1,150 (42.7) | ||||
| Social status | 0.005 | 0.129 | 0.422 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Low | 921 (21.2) | 379 (19.3) | 542 (22.8) | 58 (17.8) | 863 (21.6) | 543 (21.7) | 378 (20.6) | 433 (26.4) | 488 (18.1) | ||||
| Middle or high | 3,419 (78.8) | 1,589 (80.7) | 1,830 (77.2) | 267 (82.2) | 3,132 (78.4) | 1,964 (78.3) | 1,455 (79.4) | 1,210 (73.6) | 2,209 (81.9) | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.012 | 0.246 | 0.003 | 0.292 | |||||||||
| Underweight | 398 (9.2) | 195 (9.9) | 203 (8.6) | 23 (7.1) | 372 (9.3) | 205 (8.2) | 193 (10.6) | 139 (8.5) | 259 (9.6) | ||||
| Normal weight | 3,393 (78.0) | 1,496 (76.2) | 1,897 (80.0) | 253 (78.1) | 3,124 (78.3) | 1,959 (78.1) | 1,434 (78.4) | 1,302 (79.5) | 2,091 (77.5) | ||||
| Overweight/obese | 546 (12.6) | 274 (13.9) | 272 (11.5) | 48 (14.8) | 496 (12.4) | 345 (13.8) | 201 (11.0) | 197 (12.0) | 349 (12.9) | ||||
| COVID-19-like symptoms | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| No | 2,595 (59.7) | 1,343 (68.1) | 1,252 (52.7) | 115 (35.4) | 2,473 (61.8) | 1,223 (48.6) | 1,372 (74.8) | 567 (34.5) | 2,028 (75.0) | ||||
| Yes | 1,753 (40.3) | 629 (31.9) | 1,124 (47.3) | 210 (64.6) | 1,529 (38.2) | 1,292 (51.4) | 461 (25.2) | 1,076 (65.5) | 677 (25.0) | ||||
| Comorbidity | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| None | 3,094 (71.2) | 1,534 (77.7) | 1,560 (65.6) | 145 (44.6) | 2,938 (73.4) | 1,660 (66.0) | 1,444 (78.7) | 747 (45.4) | 2,357 (87.1) | ||||
| One or more | 1,254 (28.8) | 438 (22.3) | 816 (34.4) | 180 (55.4) | 1,064 (26.6) | 855 (34.0) | 389 (21.3) | 896 (54.6) | 348 (12.9) | ||||
| COVID-19 lockdown | – | – | – | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| After lockdown | 1,972 (45.4) | – | – | – | 72 (22.2) | 1,899 (47.5) | 1,046 (41.6) | 926 (50.5) | 652 (39.7) | 1,320 (48.8) | |||
| Under lockdown | 2,376 (54.6) | – | – | – | 253 (77.8) | 2,103 (52.5) | 1,469 (58.4) | 907 (49.5) | 991 (60.3) | 1,385 (51.2) | |||
| Eating behavior changes | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Less healthy | 325 (7.5) | 72 (3.7) | 253 (10.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Unchanged | 3,169 (73.2) | 1,517 (76.9) | 1,652 (69.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Healthier | 833 (19.3) | 382 (19.4) | 451 (19.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Physical activity changes | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Never | 628 (14.4) | 359 (18.2) | 269 (11.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Stopped | 285 (6.6) | 101 (5.1) | 184 (7.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Less active | 1,602 (36.8) | 586 (29.7) | 1,016 (42.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Unchanged | 1,188 (27.3) | 608 (30.8) | 580 (24.4) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| More active | 645 (14.9) | 318 (16.2) | 327 (13.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Mental health changes | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Worse | 1,643 (37.8) | 652 (33.1) | 991 (41.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Stable | 2,573 (59.2) | 1,255 (63.6) | 1,318 (55.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Better | 132 (3.0) | 65 (3.3) | 67 (2.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| HL, mean (SD) | 26.5 (10.5) | 26.9 (9.9) | 26.1 (10.9) | 0.026 | 24.7 (11.1) | 26.5 (10.5) | 0.004 | 24.7 (10.5) | 28.9 (10.1) | <0.001 | 22.2 (9.9) | 29.0 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| eHEALS, mean (SD) | 27.9 (6.9) | 27.7 (7.2) | 27.9 (6.7) | 0.292 | 27.7 (5.2) | 27.8 (7.0) | 0.765 | 26.9 (6.9) | 29.1 (6.8) | <0.001 | 25.3 (6.8) | 29.4 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| DDL, mean (SD) | 25.9 (12.2) | 26.2 (12.1) | 25.6 (12.3) | 0.105 | 22.5 (12.6) | 26.1 (12.2) | <0.001 | 23.9 (12.2) | 28.7 (11.7) | <0.001 | 20.8 (11.7) | 28.9 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Fear of COVID-19, mean (SD) | 20.6 (5.4) | 20.9 (5.6) | 20.2 (5.1) | <0.001 | 20.5 (4.8) | 20.6 (5.4) | 0.836 | 20.4 (5.3) | 20.7 (5.5) | 0.062 | 21.4 (5.1) | 20.0 (5.5) | <0.001 |
MH, mental health; SD, standard deviation; DDL, digital healthy diet literacy; eHEALS, eHealth literacy; HL, health literacy.
a
Results of the Chi-square test or one-way ANOVA test appropriately with Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-values.