. 2021 Aug 4;106(12):3448–3454. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab562

Table 1.

Clinical and laboratory characteristics including amino acid measurements of 9548 participants at the baseline study of the METSIM cohort

Variables	No CVD (N = 8578)	CAD (N = 666)	Stroke (N = 394)	CVD (N = 970)
Age, y	57.0 ± 7.0	60.6 ± 6.7^a	61.8 ± 6.7^a	60.8 ± 6.8^a
Type 2 diabetes, % of total	5.9	14.0^a	15.2^a	13.3^a
Current smokers, % of total	17.6	24.9^a	20.1	23.5^a
Medication for hypertension, %	19.3	31.0^a	30.7^a	29.6^a
Body mass index, kg/m²	27.2 ± 4.1	28.2 ± 4.5^a	27.9 ± 4.6	28.0 ± 4.5^a
Waist, cm	98.4 ± 11.4	101.7 ± 12.3^a	100.9 ± 12.0^a	101.17 ± 12.1^a
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	137.6 ± 16.4	143.5 ± 18.0^a	144.0 ± 19.1^a	143.5 ± 18.2^a
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	87.4 ± 9.3	88.3 ± 10.5	87.5 ± 10.2	88.25 ± 10.4
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L	1.45 ± 0.39	1.36 ± 0.39^a	1.40 ± 0.40	1.38 ± 0.40^a
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L	3.36 ± 0.88	3.38 ± 0.94	3.25 ± 0.99	3.36 ± 0.94
Total triglycerides, mmol/L	1.44 ± 0.87	1.70 ± 1.17^a	1.51 ± 0.88	1.60 ± 1.03^a
Blood HbA1c, %	5.8 ± 0.6	6.0 ± 0.8^a	6.0 ± 0.7^a	6.0 ± 0.8^a
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L	5.92 ± 0.98	6.27 ± 1.57^a	6.17 ± 1.31^a	6.19 ± 1.42^a
2-h plasma glucose, mmol/L	6.37 ± 2.34	7.04 ± 2.88^a	7.05 ± 2.69^a	6.96 ± 2.75^a
Fasting plasma insulin, mU/L	9.2 ± 9.1	13.4 ± 24.9^a	12.5 ± 19.8^a	12.4 ± 21.7^a
2-hour plasma insulin, mU/L	53.9 ± 56.7	66.6 ± 64.6^a	65.0 ± 59.3^a	64.2 ± 60.6^a
C-reactive protein, mg/L	2.07 ± 4.19	2.75 ± 4.18^a	3.16 ± 5.58^a	2.90 ± 4.87^a
Alanine (mmol/L)	0.416 ± 0.064	0.433 ± 0.066^a	0.428 ± 0.064	0.429 ± 0.065^a
Glutamine (mmol/L)	0.514 ± 0.075	0.502 ± 0.073^a	0.499 ± 0.075	0.502 ± 0.074^a
Glycine (mmol/L)	0.277 ± 0.071	0.279 ± 0.072	0.278 ± 0.076	0.279 ± 0.075
Histidine (mmol/L)	0.064 ± 0.009	0.063 ± 0.009	0.062 ± 0.009^a	0.063 ± 0.009^a
Isoleucine (mmol/L)	0.060 ± 0.017	0.064 ± 0.019^a	0.062 ± 0.017	0.063 ± 0.018^a
Leucine (mmol/L)	0.090 ± 0.017	0.093 ± 0.02^a	0.091 ± 0.017	0.092 ± 0.019^a
Phenylalanine (mmol/L)	0.075 ± 0.012	0.080 ± 0.012^a	0.080 ± 0.014^a	0.080 ± 0.013^a
Tyrosine (mmol/L)	0.057 ± 0.012	0.060 ± 0.012^a	0.059 ± 0.011	0.059 ± 0.012^a
Valine (mmol/L)	0.217 ± 0.037	0.221 ± 0.04	0.220 ± 0.037	0.220 ± 0.038

Values shown as mean ± SD for each category.

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; METSIM, Metabolic Syndrome in Men.

^aStatistically significant differences (P < 0.002) between CAD, stroke, and CVD and control group (no CVD).