Figure 1.

The binding of leptin to its receptor leads to the activation of different signaling pathways. Leptin binds to its receptor on the tumor cell, promoting the activation of different signaling pathways that, in turn, lead to the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells. The leptin receptor can also be located on different cells of the adaptive system leading to activation of these cells (34–37). CCND1, cyclin D1; IL-6, interleukin 6; JAK2; Janus kinase 2; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MYC, myelocytomatosis oncogene; Ob-R, leptin receptor; PI3K/AKT, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TFs, transcription factors; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. García-Estévez L ^©.