FIGURE 2.

The intra- and extracellular concentration of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites is regulated by transport proteins and by deconjugating enzymes. Expression, distribution, and activation of metabolizing enzymes and transporters are influenced by pathophysiological status (e.g., activation of macrophages) and by protein polymorphisms. ABC, ATP-binding cassette; ARS, arylsulfatases; β-gluc, β-glucuronidase; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; OATP, organic-anion-transporting polypeptides; OCT, organic cation transporter; SULT, sulfotransferase; STS, steroid sulfatase; UGT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.