TABLE 2.
Characteristics of included studies1
| Reference | Study design | Country, n participants | Cases, n | Population characteristics | Age, y | Dietary assessment method, period | Dietary pattern | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbasi et al. 2019 (70) | Prospective unmatched case-controlled study | Iran, 510 | 170 cases, 340 controls | Pregnant women visiting 3 hospitals, 11 urban and 7 rural health care centers in Lorestan province, August 2015–2016 | Cases: 24; controls: 26 (median) | 198-item FFQ, 20–40 wk (cases: 35 ± 5 wk; controls: 26 ± 6 wk) | Healthy; Western; Iranian traditional | PE |
| Atkinson et al. 1998 (59) | Prospective unmatched case-controlled study | Zimbabwe, 374 | 180 cases, 194 controls | Pregnant women delivering at Harare Maternity Hospital or 1 of 9 clinics in suburbs of Harare city, June 1995 to April 1996 | Cases: 25.6 ± 6.4; controls: 24.8 ± 7.9 (mean + SD) | Questionnaire, during postpartum hospital stay (retrospective recall for the month prior to birth) | Meat; poultry; fruit; fish; vegetables; and dairy | PE |
| Endeshaw et al. 2015 (62) | Prospective unmatched case-controlled study | Ethiopia, 453 | 151 cases, 302 controls | Pregnant women attending antepartum or intrapartum care at any public health facility in Bahir Dar City, June to September 2014 | Range: 25 to 29: 33% of cases; 36% of controls | Questionnaire, during pregnancy (20 wk onwards) and delivery care for cases; during delivery care for controls | Fruit; vegetable; animal product; coffee; alcohol | PE |
| Grum et al. 2017 (64) | Prospective unmatched case-controlled study | Ethiopia, 291 | 97 cases, 194 controls | Pregnant women delivering at Gandhi and Sewditu Memorial hospitals in Addis Ababa, December 2015 to February 2016 | 25.42 ± 5.33 (mean + SD) | Questionnaire, during delivery care services | Fruit; alcohol; nutritional counseling during ANC | PE |
| Grum et al. 2018 (68) | Prospective unmatched case-controlled study | Ethiopia, 243 | 81 cases, 162 controls | Pregnant women delivering at Gandhi and Sewditu Memorial hospitals in Addis Ababa, December 2015 to February 2016 | 27.22 ± 5.03 (mean + SD) | Questionnaire, during delivery care services | Fruit; vegetable; coffee; nutritional counseling during ANC | PE |
| Gulsen and Guner 2012 (61) | Prospective unmatched case-controlled study | Turkey, 247 | 92 cases, 155 controls | Pregnant women from Konya and neighboring cities hospitalized with pre-eclampsia at the Selcuk University Meran Medical School clinic, October 2004 to May 2005 | Range: 20 to 34: 65% of cases; 88% of controls | Questionnaire, second to third trimesters | Milk; yogurt; yogurt drink; cheese; dairy desserts; egg; meat; chicken; meat product; fish; legumes; bread; vegetables; fruit | PE |
| Hajianfar et al. 2018 (67) | Prospective cohort study | Iran, 812 | NA | Healthy pregnant women in Isfahan referred to health centers during the first trimester of pregnancy in 2015–2016 | Range: 20–40 y | 117-item FFQ, 8–16 wk | Western; traditional; healthy | GH; PE |
| Kahsay et al. 2018 (66) | Prospective matched case-controlled study | Ethiopia, 330 | 110 cases, 220 controls | Pregnant women after 20 wk gestation attending antenatal care clinics at 7 public hospitals in Tigray region, June to November 2017 | Cases: 27.6 ± 5.6; controls: 26.7 ± 5.8 (mean + SD) | 18-question FFQ, during pregnancy (20 wk onwards) and delivery care | Fruits; vegetables | HDP (GH, PE, SIP) |
| Longo-Mbenza et al. 2008 (60) | Prospective cohort study | DR Congo, 238 | PE: 7 (2.9%); GH: 4 (1.7%) | Black pregnant women admitted to the rural Evangelical Hospital in Kimpese, January to March 2003 | 27 ± 6.4 (mean + SD) | Questionnaire, first trimester | Vegetables; meat | GH; PE |
| Mekie et al. 2020 (63) | Prospective matched case-controlled study | Ethiopia, 321 | 107 cases, 214 controls | Nulliparous women delivering at 3 high-volume hospitals in West Amhara, January to April 2018 | 22.92 ± 4.64 (mean + SD) | Questionnaire, during pregnancy | Fruits; vegetables; coffee; alcohol; nutritional counseling during ANC | PE |
| Mi et al. 2019 (69) | Randomized controlled trial (secondary analysis) | China, 987 | PE: 19 (1.9%) | Pregnant women enrolled at preconception and prenatal care in 3 rural counties in Shaanxi Province, December 2015 to February 2018 | 25.3 ± 4.2 (mean + SD) | 107-item FFQ, during pregnancy | Vegetable; meat; fruit; snack; wheat staple | GH; PE |
| Sheikhi et al. 2018 (65) | Prospective matched case-controlled study | Iran, 125 | 62 cases, 63 controls | Pregnant women attending Iman-Ali Hospital, June to September 2015. | Cases: 29.3 ± 6.7; controls: 25.8 ± 6.2 (mean + SD) | 169-item FFQ, 30–36 wk | Meat, beans, nuts and eggs; milk; grains; vegetables; fruit | PE |
| Zareei et al. 2019 (71) | Prospective unmatched case-controlled study | Iran, 182 | 82 cases, 100 controls | Pregnant women referred to the gynaecology ward of vali-e-Asr Hospital in 2016 | Cases: 28.96 ± 5.85; controls: 27.91 ± 4.93 (mean + SD) | 169-item FFQ, during pregnancy | Unhealthy; healthy | PE |
1
ANC: antenatal care; GH: gestational hypertension; HDP: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; NA, not available; PE: pre-eclampsia; SIP: superimposed pre-eclampsia.