TABLE 2.
Prebiotic or synbiotic supplementation with exercise1
| Study (reference) | Year | Prebiotic/synbiotic | Exercise/test | Duration | Subjects | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prebiotics | ||||||
| Donatto et al. (141) | 2010 | Oat bran (300 g/kg chow) | Swimming | 8 wk | Rats (Wistar, male, 2 mo old) | ↑ Time to exhaustion, hepatic glycogen in oat bran group; ↓ IL-6, IL-10, corticosterone in oat bran group |
| Okamoto et al. (142) | 2019 | LMC (cellulose) vs. HMC (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) vs. antibiotics vs. control | Forced-treadmill running | 6 wk | Mice (C57BL/6J, male, 10 wk old) | ↓ Time to exhaustion, muscle mass in LMC and antibiotic groups; ↑ time to exhaustion in antibiotic mice with acetate infusion (not with butyrate); ↔ body mass, muscle mass in antibiotic mice with acetate infusion and in LMC mice with HMC fecal transplant + inulin; ↑ time to exhaustion, SCFAs in LMC mice with HMC fecal transplant + inulin; ↑ white adipose tissue mass in LMC group; ↔ body mass gain, dietary intake; ↓ SCFAs (fecal and plasma) in LMC and antibiotic groups; ↑ Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Lactococcus, Allobaculum in LMC group; ↓ Shannon diversity, Prevotella in LMC group |
| Williams et al. (157) | 2016 | B-GOS (5.5 g/d) vs. placebo | EVH | 3 wk | 10 adults (with asthma and HIB, 5 males, 5 females) and 8 adult controls (5 males, 3 females) | ↓ Peak post-EVH fall in pulmonary function following B-GOS; ↓ airway inflammation (chemokine CC ligand 17, TNF-α) following B-GOS in HIB group; ↓ CRP following B-GOS in HIB and control groups |
| Malkova et al. (158) | 2020 | IPE (10 g/d) vs. placebo | Supervised endurance exercise, submaximal VO2 treadmill test | 4 wk | 20 adults (overweight women) | ↑ Fat oxidation in IPE group |
| Synbiotics | ||||||
| West et al. (159) | 2012 | Gut Balance (synbiotic; Lactobacillus paracasei 431, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12, L. acidophilus LA-5, L. rhamnosus LGG, raftiline, raftilose, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, acacia gum) vs. acacia gum (prebiotic) | Habitual exercise (cycling) | 3 wk | 22 adults (healthy males) | ↑ L. paracasei in synbiotic vs. prebiotic group; ↓ increase in IL-16 in synbiotic vs. prebiotic group; ↔ fecal SCFAs, immunity, GI permeability in both groups |
| Coman et al. (160) | 2017 | Fermented milk (synbiotic; L. rhamnosus IMC 501, L. paracasei IMC 502, oat bran fiber) vs. control (fermented milk) | Habitual exercise (intense gym-training program) | 4 wk | 10 adults (healthy, 3 males, 7 females) | ↑ Lactobacilli spp., Bifidobacterium spp., secretory IgA, improvement in intestinal regularity, ease of defecation, and improved upper respiratory symptoms in synbiotic group; ↓ Lipid hydroperoxide in synbiotic group |
| Roberts et al. (161) | 2016 | Pro/prebiotic/antioxidant (L. acidophilus CUL-60, L. acidophilus CUL-21, Bif. bifidum CUL-20, Bif. animalus ssp. lactis CUL-34, fructo-oligosaccharides, α-lipoic acid, N-acetyl-carnitine) vs. pro/prebiotic vs. placebo | Long-distance triathlon | 12 wk pre-race, 6 d post-race | 30 adults (healthy, recreational athletes, 25 males, 5 females) | ↓ Endotoxin pre- and post-race with pro/prebiotic/antioxidant, post-race with pro/prebiotic; ↑ gastrointestinal permeability with placebo; ↔ mean race time |
1
B-GOS, bimuno-galacto-oligosaccharide; Bif.,Bifidobacterium; CRP, C-reactive protein; EVH, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea; GI, gastrointestinal; HIB, hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction; HMC, high microbiome-accessible carbohydrate; IPE, inulin-propionate ester; LMC, low microbiome-accessible carbohydrate; ↑, significant increase; ↓, significant decrease; ↔, no significant difference.