TABLE 1.
Main characteristics of studies examining the association between circulating AGEs and the risk of mortality1
| First author/year (reference) | Country | Study design | Follow-up duration, y | Population | Age (mean or range), y | Sex | Exposure | Outcome assessment | Effect measures (95% CI) | Study quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||||
| Schwedler et al./2002 (36) | Germany | Prospective cross-sectional study | 2.6 | Hemodialysis patients | 62.7 | M/F | CML | Continuous contacts with the primary care physicians | RR 0.97 (0.95, 1) | 6 |
| Koyama et al./2007 (41) | Japan | Cohort | 9.2 | Patients with ESRD | 55.6 | M/F | Pentosidine | Medical records | HR 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | 6 |
| Semba et al./2009 (37) | Italy | Cohort | 6 | Older community-dwelling adults | ≥65 | M/F | CML | Death certificates | HR 1.13 (1.04, 1.2) | 8 |
| Semba et al./2009 (38) | Italy | Cohort | 4.5 | Older community-dwelling women | ≥65 | F | CML | National Death Index | HR 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 7 |
| Nin et al./2011 (39) | Netherlands | Cohort | 12.3 | T1DM | 42.5 | M/F | CML | Death certificates | HR 1.05 (0.98, 1.15) | 8 |
| Nin et al./2011 (39) | Netherlands | Cohort | 12.3 | T1DM | 42.5 | M/F | CEL | Death certificates | HR 1.33 (0.98, 1.78) | 8 |
| Machowska et al./2016 (42) | Sweden | Prospective cross-sectional study | 5 | CKD | 61.6 | M/F | Pentosidine | NR | RR 1.01 (1, 1.02) | 6 |
| Sotomayor et al./2019 (40) | Netherlands | Cohort | 6.9 | Kidney transplant recipients | 51 | M/F | CML | NR | HR 1.19 (1, 1.43) | 7 |
| Sotomayor et al./2019 (40) | Netherlands | Cohort | 6.9 | Kidney transplant recipients | 51 | M/F | CEL | NR | HR 1.5 (1.12, 1.99) | 7 |
| CVD mortality | ||||||||||
| Schwedler et al./2002 (36) | Germany | Prospective cross-sectional study | 2.6 | Hemodialysis patients | 62.7 | M/F | CML | Continuous contacts with the primary care physicians | RR 0.99 (0.94, 1.02) | 6 |
| Koyama et al./2007 (41) | Japan | Cohort | 9.2 | Patients with ESRD | 55.6 | M/F | Pentosidine | Medical records | HR 1.03 (0.92, 1.17) | 6 |
| Semba et al./2009 (37) | Italy | Cohort | 6 | Older community-dwelling adults | ≥65 | M/F | CML | Death certificates | HR 1.16 (1.02, 1.3) | 8 |
| Semba et al./2009 (38) | Italy | Cohort | 4.5 | Older community-dwelling women | ≥65 | F | CML | National Death Index | HR 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 7 |
| Machowska et al./2016 (42) | Sweden | Prospective cross-sectional study | 5 | Patients with CKD | 61.6 | M/F | Pentosidine | NR | RR 1.01 (1, 1.02) | 8 |
| Sotomayor et al./2019 (40) | Netherlands | Cohort | 6.9 | Kidney transplant recipients | 51 | M/F | CML | NR | HR 1.46 (1.19, 1.82) | 7 |
| Sotomayor et al./2019 (40) | Netherlands | Cohort | 6.9 | Kidney transplant recipients | 51 | M/F | CEL | NR | HR 1.84 (1.25, 2.71) | 7 |
1
AGE, advanced glycation end product; CEL, N-carboxyethyl-lysine; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CML, N-carboxymethyl-lysine; CVD, cardiovascular disease; NR, not reported; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus.