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. 2021 Nov 15;8:767637. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.767637

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Copyright © 2021 Wada, Shiraishi, Gando, Yamakawa, Fujishima, Saitoh, Kushimoto, Ogura, Abe, Mayumi, Sasaki, Kotani, Takeyama, Tsuruta, Takuma, Shiraishi, Shiino, Nakada, Okamoto, Sakamoto, Hagiwara, Fujimi, Umemura and Otomo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Serial changes in the coagulation-related molecular markers. Healthy controls (white box), non-traumatic brain injury (TBI) (hatched boxes), and isolated TBI (iTBI) (gray boxes) at presentation to the emergency department (0 h) and 3 h after hospital arrival (3 h). The horizontal bars in the box indicate the median (middle) and interquartile ranges (upper 25% and lower 75%). Black boxes are mean values. +p < 0.05 vs. healthy controls; ++p < 0.01 vs. healthy controls; + + +p < 0.001 vs. healthy controls; + + + +p < 0.0001 vs. healthy controls. None of the markers significantly differed between the iTBI and non-TBI groups.