Table 1.
Demographics and parameters at the scene and admission to the emergency department in patients with isolated traumatic brain injury and non-traumatic brain injury.
| Non-TBI | iTBI | p -value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 40 | n = 34 | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 67 (55–79) | 59 (48–76) | 0.633 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 27 (67.5) | 23 (67.6) | 0.989 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0.711 |
| ISS | 20 (17–26) | 17(16–25) | 0.196 |
| AIS | |||
| Head | 0 (0–0) | 4 (4–5) | <0.001 |
| Face | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.814 |
| Neck | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.357 |
| Thorax | 4 (0–4) | 0 (0–0) | <0.001 |
| Abdomen | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 0.001 |
| Spine | |||
| Cervical | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.019 |
| Thoracic | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.019 |
| Lumber | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.105 |
| Upper extremity | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.022 |
| Lower extremity | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | <0.001 |
| External | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0.048 |
| DIC 0 h, n (%) | 8 (20.0) | 9 (26.5) | 0.510 |
| DIC score 0 h | 3 (2–3) | 3 (1–4) | 0.920 |
| DIC 3 h, n (%) | 10 (28.6) | 10 (38.4) | 0.416 |
| DIC score 3 h | 3(1–4) | 3(1–4) | 0.875 |
| DIC 24 h, n (%) | 10 (26.3) | 3 (11.1) | 0.131 |
| DIC score 24 h | 3 (1–4) | 3 (0–3) | 0.042 |
| SIRS criteria | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 0.205 |
| Shock (ABP) at scene, n (%) | 6 (15.4) | 3 (8.8) | 0.489 |
| Shock (ABP) at ED, n (%) | 8 (20.0) | 1 (2.9) | 0.033 |
| Shock (lac), n (%) | 21 (56.8) | 20 (69.0) | 0.310 |
| Tranexamic acid, n (%) | 8 (20.0) | 14 (41.2) | 0.047 |
| At the scene | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119 (103–136) | 150 (121–169) | 0.004 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72 (63–87) | 80 (65–104) | 0.187 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 83 (69–99) | 84 (74–97) | 0.747 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 20 (18–24) | 18 (18–20) | 0.001 |
| At the ED | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 140 (107–151) | 144 (131–161) | 0.007 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77 (6,693) | 84 (71–95) | 0.110 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 82 (65–93) | 84 (72–97) | 0.520 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 20 (18–26) | 18 (16–20) | <0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.7 (1.1–3.1) | 3.1 (1.7–4.3) | 0.372 |
| Body temperature (°C) | 36.4 (36.1–36.8) | 36.3 (35.9–37.0) | 0.853 |
Reported proportions (counts) for categorical variables and medians (interquartile ranges) for continuous variables. Shock (ABP) represents a systolic blood pressure of <90 mmHg. Shock (lac) represents lactate levels of >2 mmol/L in the emergency department (ED).
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; ISS, Injury Severity Score; iTBI, isolated traumatic brain injury; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; TBI, traumatic brain injury.