Table 4.
Demographics and parameters at the scene and admission to the emergency department in isolated traumatic brain injury patients with and without disseminated intravascular coagulation.
| Non-DIC | DIC | p -value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 19 | n = 15 | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 59 (51–73) | 58 (49–74) | 0.242 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 15 (78.9) | 8 (53.3) | 0.112 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0.190 |
| Glasgow coma scale | 14 (13–15) | 7 (3–9) | 0.004 |
| ISS | 17 (16–17) | 25 (16–25) | 0.120 |
| AIS | |||
| Head | 4 (4–4) | 5 (4–5) | 0.004 |
| Face | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.023 |
| Neck | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.451 |
| Thorax | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 1.000 |
| Abdomen | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.811 |
| Spine | |||
| Cervical | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 1.000 |
| Thoracic | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 1.000 |
| Lumber | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 1.000 |
| Upper extremity | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.811 |
| Lower extremity | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 1.000 |
| External | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.918 |
| SIRS criteria | 1 (1–2) | 3 (1–3) | 0.116 |
| Shock (ABP) at scene, n (%) | 1 (5.3) | 2 (13.3) | 0.409 |
| Shock (ABP) at ED, n (%) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.559 |
| Shock (lac), n (%) | 10 (58.8) | 10 (83.3) | 0.160 |
| At the scene | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138 (121–155) | 144 (138–179) | 0.537 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 (60–86) | 83 (70–109) | 0.708 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 84 (77–87) | 80 (66–98) | 0.421 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 18 (18–21) | 18 (16–18) | 0.167 |
| At the ED | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138 (128–155) | 144 (138–179) | 0.083 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82 (65–90) | 84 (74–98) | 0.202 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 74 (70–86) | 95 (81–98) | 0.401 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 18 (16–19) | 17 (15–20) | 0.319 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.0 (1.3–2.9) | 4.3 (3.2–6.1) | 0.152 |
| Body temperature (°C) | 36.8 (36.0–37.0) | 36.0 (35.7–36.8) | 0.132 |
Reported proportions (counts) for categorical variables and medians (interquartile ranges) for continuous variables. Shock (ABP) represents a systolic blood pressure of <90 mmHg. Shock (lac) represents lactate levels of >2 mmol/L in the emergency department (ED).
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; ISS, Injury Severity Score; iTBI, isolated traumatic brain injury; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome.