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. 2021 Sep 12;114(6):2074–2083. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab274

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Plasma (A) total, (B) branched-chain, (C) nonessential, and (D) essential amino acid concentrations throughout hemodialysis at rest and following exercise with and without protein ingestion. The dotted lines represent the start and end of intradialytic exercise, and the arrow represents the ingestion of the test beverage. Values are expressed as means ± SDs, n = 10 for all values. Data were analyzed with a 3-factor repeated-measures ANOVA with time, protein ingestion (yes/no), and exercise (yes/no) as within-subject variables, and separate analysis was performed when a significant interaction was detected. Time × protein interaction P < 0.05. *Protein interventions significantly different from placebo interventions (protein effect P ≤ 0.001). PLA, placebo; PLA + EX, placebo and exercise; PRO, protein; PRO + EX, protein and exercise.