Table 2.

Parkinson's disease clinical characteristics.

Mean age at diagnosis (years) (SD, range)*	58.8 (13.6, 24–88)
Mean Parkinson's disease duration (years) (SD, range)*	9.2 (6.5, 1–30)
Parkinson's disease phenotype (%)*
Tremor dominant	30.1
Postural instability and gait impairment	20.4
Akinetic rigid	38.9
Young onset (<40 years)	10.7
Late onset (>60 years)	49.5
Disease complication (%)*
Motor fluctuations	58.3
Dyskinesia	58.3
Wearing off	81.6
Impulse control disorder	19.4
Non-motor symptom (%)
Hyposmia	73.8
REM sleep behaviour disorder	48.5
Risk factor (%)
Family history of Parkinson's disease	18.4
Prior neuroleptic use	2.9
Any head trauma	10.7
Levodopa equivalent daily dose (mg), (SD, range)*	834.8 (527.3, 0–2,186)
Mean MDS unified Parkinson's disease rating scale-III (‘on’ state) (SD, range)*	32.9 (17.7, 5–91)
Parkinson's disease therapy (%)*
Treatment naïve	4.9
Oral levodopa	89.3
Dopamine agonist	40.0
Monoamine oxidase B inhibitor	18.4
Anticholinergic	12.6
Catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor	23.3
Amantadine#	12.6
Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel	8.7
Deep brain stimulation	10.7
Apomorphine (subcutaneous infusion)	6.8
Quality of life
PDQ-39 summary index (SD)	29.2 (17.3)
MDS non-motor symptoms score (NMSS) – total score (SD)	62.7 (42.9)
Gastrointestinal symptoms*
Cleveland constipation score (SD)	7.2 (4.7)
Constipation score as per ROME IV criteria (SD)	4.4 (3.5)
Functional constipation as per ROME IV criteria (%)	78.6
Chronic pain over last 3 months (%)*	72.8
Pain score (visual analogue scale, 0–10) (SD)	4.9 (2.5)
International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) score (MET-minutes/week) (SD)*	1823.6 (1693.6)

SD, Standard Deviation.

^#Not considered an anticholinergic agent.

^*This data is partially reproduced from Lubomski et al. (16).