TABLE 2.
Study outcomes: inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes at 1, and 5 years of follow-up.
| One year of follow-up | 5 years of follow-up | — | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Non-T2DM (n 460) | SGLT2-I users (n 64) | Non-SGLT2-I users (124) | p-value | Non-T2DM (n 460) | SGLT2-I users (n 64) | Non-SGLT2-I users (124) | p-value |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||||||
| Lymphocytes, x103 | 2.460 ± 0.422 | 2.523 ± 0.326 | 2.538 ± 0.312 | 0.150; 0.108; 0.353 | 2.387 ± 0.415 | 2.518 ± 0.303 | 2.535 ± 0.308 | 0.141; 0.890; 0.326 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 0.58 ± 0.22 | 0.65 ± 0.30 | 0.66 ± 0.24 | 0.118; 0.083; 0.915 | 0.58 ± 0.22 | 0.64 ± 0.22 | 0.65 ± 0.39 | 0.202; 0.126; 0.915 |
| IL-1, mg/dL | 3.77 ± 0.76 | 4.01 ± 0.66 | 4.41 ± 1.0 | 0.001*; 0.001*; 0.005* | 3.73 ± 0.72 | 4.02 ± 0.49 | 4.38 ± 0.99 | 0.001*; 0.001*; 0.005* |
| IL-6, mg/dL | 3.11 ± 0.40 | 3.75 ± 0.22 | 4.16 ± 0.38 | 0.006*; 0.001*; 0.005* | 3.06 ± 0.38 | 3.74 ± 0.20 | 4.15 ± 0.28 | 0.001*; 0.001*; 0.022* |
| TNF-α, mg/dL | 5.01 ± 0.89 | 5.68 ± 0.53 | 6.43 ± 0.78 | 0.004*; 0.001*; 0.006* | 4.94 ± 0.89 | 5.63 ± 0.50 | 6.45 ± 0.82 | 0.001*; 0.001*; 0.001* |
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| All deaths, n (%) | 4 (0.9) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (2.4) | 0.001*; 0.005*; 0.194 | 18 (3.9) | 6 (9.4) | 14 (11.3) | 0.004*; 0.006*; 0.001** |
| Cardiac deaths, n (%) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (1.6) | 3 (2.4) | 0.015*; 0.015*; 0.048* | 5 (1.1) | 2 (3.1) | 10 (8.9) | 0.001*; 0.001*; 0.001* |
| Re-myocardial infarction, n (%) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (1.6) | 0.034*; 0.034*; 0.852 | 11 (2.4) | 3 (4.7) | 9 (7.3) | 0.030*; 0.047*; 0.008* |
| Stroke, n (%) | 3 (0.7) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (1.6) | 0.041*; 0.041*; 0.852 | 12 (2.6) | 3 (4.7) | 7 (5.6) | 0.152; 0.181; 0.055 |
| Revascularization, n (%) | 5 (1.1) | 3 (4.7) | 7 (5.6) | 0.005*; 0.001*; 0.045* | 21 (4.6) | 10 (15.6) | 30 (24.2) | 0.001*; 0.001*; 0.001* |
| Composite endpoint, n (%) | 15 (3.3) | 8 (12.5) | 16 (12.9) | 0.001*; 0.001*; 0.674 | 67 (14.6) | 24 (37.5) | 70 (56.4) | 0.001*; 0.001*; 0.001* |
Non-T2DM: non-diabetics; SGLT2-I: sodium-glucose trasporter two inhibitors; CRP: C reactive protein; IL-1: interleukin 1; IL-6: interleukin 6; TNFα: tumor necrosis alpha.
* is for statistical significant (p value < 0.05) vs non-T2DM.
**
is for statistical significant (p value < 0.05) comparing SGLT2-I users vs non-SGLT2-I users.