Table 3.
The association between arterial stiffness measures and incident heart failure.
| Univariable model | Age- and sex-adjusted | Multivariable model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Categorical variables | ||||||
| baPWV ≥ 1,835 cm/s | 2.69 (1.57–4.59) | <0.001 | 2.54 (1.44–4.48) | 0.001 | 1.48 (0.82–2.67) | 0.197 |
| Brachial PP ≥ 55 mmHg | 3.39 (2.03–5.67) | <0.001 | 3.43 (2.02–5.82) | <0.001 | 1.73 (0.95–3.14) | 0.073 |
| cfPWV ≥ 8.8 m/s | 3.21 (1.78–5.80) | <0.001 | 3.18 (1.70–5.93) | <0.001 | 2.01 (1.02–3.95) | 0.043 |
| Central PP ≥ 49 mmHg | 4.86 (2.91–8.13) | <0.001 | 5.15 (2.30–8.85) | <0.001 | 3.07 (1.68–5.64) | <0.001 |
| Continuous variables* | ||||||
| baPWV, cm/s | 1.13 (0.90–1.43) | 0.293 | 1.06 (0.82–1.37) | 0.644 | 0.83 (0.63–1.10) | 0.198 |
| Brachial PP, mmHg | 1.92 (1.62–2.28) | <0.001 | 1.93 (1.62–2.29) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.19–1.84) | <0.001 |
| cfPWV, m/s | 1.62 (1.36–1.93) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.35–1.97) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.02–1.63) | 0.032 |
| Central PP, mmHg | 1.85 (1.57–2.17) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.59–2.22) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.17–1.78) | <0.001 |
*
HR for incident HF expressed per standard deviation increment in each measure. SD for each measure were as follows: baPWV SD = 322.9 cm/s, brachial PP SD = 11.7 mmHg, cfPWV SD = 2.4 m/s, central PP SD = 14.1 mmHg.
Multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, mean blood pressure, hypertensive medication usage, hemoglobin level, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; baPWV, brachial ankle pulse wave velocity; cfPWV, carotid femoral pulse wave velocity; PP, pulse pressure; SD, standard deviation.