Table 2.
Associations between patient and center characteristic, and overall scores for domains 6A and 6B of the Initiative for Pediatric Palliative Care's recommendations.
| Characteristics of the patient | Family GBC | HCP GBC | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (sda) | P-value | Adj. P-value | Mean (sd) | P-value | Adj. P-value | |
| Age | ||||||
| Newborn (0–1 m) N = 33 (7.2%) | 34.4 (28.8) | 0.62 | 0.93 | 36.8 (39.1) | 0.69 | 0.96 |
| Infant (>1–12 m) N = 113 (24.5%) | 35.9 (26.9) | 0.23 | 0.54 | 38.7 (32.8) | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Preschool (>1–5 y) N = 142 (30.8%) | 39.6 (27.6) | Ref.a | Ref. | 41.1 (37.6) | Ref. | Ref. |
| School (>5–11 y) (N = 92) (20%) | 34.5 (26.3) | 0.84 | 0.48 | 32.5 (35.7) | 0.40 | 0.30 |
| Teen (>11–18 y) N = 81 (17.6%) | 37.1 (26.8) | 0.91 | 0.88 | 40.1 (34.5) | 0.40 | 0.56 |
| Gender | ||||||
| M, N = 262 (56.8%) | 36.3 (27.8) | Ref. | Ref. | 35.1 (34.3) | Ref. | Ref. |
| F, N = 199 (43.2%) | 37.6 (26.1) | 0.65 | 0.90 | 42.4 (36.9) | 0.56 | 0.41 |
| Race | ||||||
| White, N = 165 (35.9%) | 44.2 (29.3) | Ref | Ref. | 50.4 (39.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Asian, N = 82 (17.8%) | 30.7 (20.9) | 0.64 | 0.35 | 20.4 (23.0) | 0.55 | 0.87 |
| Black, N = 54 (11.7%) | 25.4 (27.3) | 0.71 | 0.82 | 41.0 (36.4) | 0.01 | 0.001 |
| Indian, N = 31 (6.7%) | 37.4 (9.99) | 0.77 | 0.42 | 18.3 (18.9) | 0.41 | 0.3 |
| Mixed-race, N = 57 (12.4%) | 37.5 (34.1) | 0.66 | 0.61 | 33.6 (29.3) | 0.31 | 0.48 |
| Middle eastern, N = 67 (14.6%) | 37.9 (23.2) | 0.60 | 0.92 | 45.8 (36.3) | 0.86 | 0.76 |
| Other, N = 4 (0.9%) | 10.0 (20.0) | 0.20 | 0.26 | 50.0 (19.2) | 0.71 | 0.56 |
| Days in PICU | ||||||
| <30 days, N = 390 (84.6%) | 36.1 (27.11) | Ref. | Ref. | 38.3 (36.2) | Ref. | Ref. |
| >30 days, N = 71 (15.4%) | 41.5 (26.8) | 0.05 | 0.03 | 38.3 (32.3) | 0.69 | 0.21 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Single MDCb, N = 126 (27.6%) | 36.2 (26.9) | Ref. | Ref | 36.7 (35.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Multiple, N = 331 (72.4%) | 37.1 (27.2) | 0.01 | 0.002 | 38.8 (35.6) | 0.01 | 0.002 |
| Characteristics of the center | ||||||
| Number of ventilators | ||||||
| <1 per bed, N = 201 (43.6%) | 34.7 (22.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 32.6 (33.6) | Ref. | Ref |
| >1 per bed, N = 260 (56.4%) | 38.8 (30.3) | 0.89) | 0.52 | 43.4 (36.7) | 0.91 | 0.12 |
| Resuscitation equipment | ||||||
| <0.5 per bed, N = 323 (70.1%) | 37.4 (26.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 38.1 (38.4) | Ref. | Ref. |
| >0.5 per bed, N = 138 (29.9%) | 35.4 (28.4) | 0.95 | 0.23 | 38.8 (27.2) | 0.99 | 0.98 |
| Percent daily bed use | ||||||
| <80%, N = 139 (30.2%) | 39.7 (28.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 45.6 (43.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
| >80%, N = 322 (69.88%) | 35.3 (26.2) | 0.77 | 0.59 | 34.2 (29.5) | 0.50 | 0.14 |
| Beds/critical care doctor | ||||||
| <2 beds per doctor, N = 282 (65.7%) | 36.1 (27.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 38.3 (37.2) | Ref. | Ref. |
| >2 beds per doctor, N = 147 (34.3%) | 38.0 (21.7) | 0.80 | 0.80 | 38.9 (34.6) | 0.64 | 0.75 |
| Beds/nurse | ||||||
| <2 beds per nurse, N = 208 (50.7%) | 41.1 (30.3) | Ref. | Ref. | 39.5 (39.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
| >2 beds per nurse, N = 202 (49.3%) | 30.6 (23.1) | 0.15 | .83 | 35.9 (32.6) | 0.55 | 0.64 |
| Shift length | ||||||
| <8 h, N = 102 (22.1%) | 59.2 (24.4) | Ref. | Ref. | 50.0 (41.4) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 8–12 h, N = 241 (52.3%) | 34.2 (28.3) | 0.01 | 0.001 | 43.0 (33.3) | 0.73 | 0.99 |
| 13–18 h, N = 42 (9.1%) | 27.1 (26.2) | 0.02 | 0.009 | 50.8 (40.8) | 0.95 | 0.52 |
| 19–24 h, N=20 (4.2%) | 12.0 (12.8) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 17.5 (18.3) | 0.17 | 0.30 |
| Multiple, N = 56 (12.2%) | 29.0 (8.61) | 0.01 | 0.008 | 11.8 (13.4) | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| p-value for trend | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||
‡ p-values were estimated using univariate and multivariable multilevel GLMs using center as a clustering variable. The adjusted model considers all factors in the table.
a
sd, standard deviation; Ref, reference category.
b
MDC, Major diagnostic category. The bold values are statistically significant with a p-value of < 0.05. ‡P-value headers.