Table 1.
The characteristics of sources of evidence.
| ID | Name, country | Time | N (f) | Subjects | Age | RCT | Measure | Exercise design | Exercise frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anderson-Hanley et al. (11) USA |
3 m | 111 (73) | MCI | All: 78.1 ± 9.9 EG1: 80.9 ± 12.3 EG2: 75.4 ± 9.83 |
RCT three groups | Stroop A/C | EG1: exer-tour, low cognitive load, virtual scenic bike tour EG2: exer-score, high cognitive demand, videogame CG: game-only |
EG1: 20–45 min, 3–5 tim/wk EG2: 20–45 min, 3–5 tim/wk CG: N/R |
| 2 | Awick et al. (27) USA |
12 m | 179 (N/R) | Low-active non-CI | All: 66.4 | RCT | SF12-MCS | EG: walking CG: strengthening and flexibility |
EG: first 7 weeks, 50–60% HR; next, 65–75% HR CG: 4 muscle resistance, 2 balance, 1 yoga, and 1 exercise of self-choice in each class |
| 3 | Bieler et al. (28) Denmark | 4 m | 152 (103) | OA | EG1: 69.6 ± 5.4 EG2: 70.0 ± 6.3 CG: 69.3 ± 6.4 |
RCT three groups observer-blinded | SF36-MCS | EG1: NW, Nordic Walking EG2: ST, strength training CG: HBE, home-based exercise |
EG1: NW, 1 h × 3 tim/wk, 12–14 on the Borg scale EG2: ST, 1 h × 3 tim/wk, 75% of 1RM CG: HBE, exercises recommended by the DAA |
| 4 | Cancela et al. (29) Spain | 15 m | 189 (126) | Dementia | EG: 80.63 ± 8.32 CG: 82.90 ± 7.42 |
RCT blinded | CSDD | EG: aerobic exercise CG: not exercise |
EG: daily cycling sessions; 15 min/s, >70% monthly attendance; CG: daily life |
| MEC | |||||||||
| NPI | |||||||||
| 5 | Cheung et al. (30) USA |
8 w | 73 (73) | OA | EG1: 68.9 ± 7.1 EG2: 74.4 ± 7.5 CG: 71.8 ± 8.0 |
RCT three arms blinded | SF12-MCS | EG1: HY, yoga EG2: ASE, aerobic and strengthening CG: education |
EG1: HY, (a) 45 min/wk × 8 wk, and (b) 30 min/day, 4 tim/wk of yoga EG2: ASE, (a) 8 tim/wk, (b) aerobic 15–30 min/day, 4 tim/week, and (c) strengthening 30 min/day, 2 tim/wk CG: education brochures, weekly telephone |
| 6 | Eggenberger et al. (31) Switzerland | 6 m | 89 (46) | Non-CI | EG1: 77.3 ± 6.3 EG2: 78.5 ± 5.1 CG: 80.8 ± 4.7 |
RCT three groups blinded | PACES | EG1: DANCE, virtual reality video game dancing EG2: MEMROY, treadmill walking with simultaneous verbal memory training CG: PHYS, treadmill walking |
Each group training: 2 tim/wk, 1 h/tim, vigorous intensity |
| 7 | Hall et al. (32) USA |
12 w | 54 (5) | PTSD | EG: 67.7 ± 3.2 CG: 66.9 ± 4.3 |
RCT-Pilot blinded | SF36-PCS | EG: exercise CG: wait-list usual care |
3 tim/wk, >150 min/wk, moderate intensity |
| 8 | Karssemeijer et al. (33) Netherlands | 12 w | 115 (54) | Dementia | EG1: 80.9 ± 6.1 EG2: 79.0 ± 6.9 CG: 79.8 ± 6.5 |
RCT: three arms | EFIP | EG1: stationary cycling training EG2: cognitive-aerobic bicycle training CG: relaxation and flexibility |
EG1: 30-50 min/tim, 3 tim/wk, 65–75% HR EG2: 30–50 min/tim, 3 tim/wk, 65–75% HR CG: 30 min/tim, 3 tim/wk |
| 9 | Langoni et al. (34) Brazil |
24 w | 52 (40) | MCI | EG: 72.6 ± 7.8 CG: 71.9 ± 7.9 |
RCT, single-blinded | MMSE | EG: group exercise (aerobic and strength)CG: no exercise | EG: 60 min/tim, 2 tim/wk, 60–75% HR CG: N/R |
| 10 | Middleton et al. (35) Canada | 12 w | 126 (82) | cognitive complaints | All: 73.0 ± 6.0 EG: 72.5 ± 5.9 CG: 74.3 ± 5.9 |
RCT: blinded 2 × 2 factorial design | SF12-MCS | EG: aerobic or stretching/toning,CG: mental activity, computer-based cognitive training or educational DVDs | EG: 3 × 60 min/wk CG: 3 ×60 min/wk |
| 11 | Parvin et al. (36) Iran |
12 w | 32 (N/R) | AD | All: 67.4 ± 8.8 | RCT, single-blinded | MoCA | EG: visual stimulation (muscle endurance, balance, flexibility, and aerobic exercises)CG: daily life | EG: 2 ×40–60 min/wk, warm-up 10 min, exercises 20–40 min, cool down 10 min. CG: daily life |
| 12 | Suzuki et al. (37) Japan |
12 m | 50 (27) | amnestic MCI | EG: 75.3 ± 7.5 CG: 76.8 ± 6.8 |
RCT | MMSE | EG: aerobic exercises, muscle strength, postural balance CG: education classes |
EG: 90 min/d, 2 d/wk CG: 3 d /12 mos |
| 13 | Varela et al. (38) Spain |
15 m | 39 (15) | Non-CI | EG: 83.59 ± 7.05 CG: 77.94 ± 8.79 |
RCT, single-blinded | MEC | EG: cycling CG: recreational activities |
EG: self-selected intensity 15 min/d, >70% completion rate CG: 3 d /12 mos |
| NPI | |||||||||
| 14 | Wanderley et al. (39) Portugal | 8 m | 105 (27) | Non-CI | EG1: 70.0 ± 5.7 EG2: 67.3 ± 4.9 CG: 67.8 ± 5.5 |
RCT three-groups blinded | SF36-MCS | EG1: aerobic training EG2: resistance training CG: daily lifestyle |
EG1: AT-−70–80% HR reserve, attendance rate >80%; 3 d/wk, 50 min/d; EG2: RT-−80% 1RM, attendance rate >80%; 3 d/wk, 50 min/d; CG: WL— not to change daily lifestyle |
| 15 | Zanetidou et al. (40) Italy | 24 w | 121 (86) | Late-life depression | EG: 74.9 ± 6.2 CG: 75.6 ± 5.6 |
RCT single-blinded | Anxiety | EG1: AD + NPE (low-intensity, non-progressive exercise), mat work and instrumental exercises EG2: AD + PAE (high-intensity, progressive aerobic exercise), cycling exercise CG: AD (sertraline) |
EG1: 3 tim/wk, <70% HR EG2: 3 tim/wk, <70% HR CG: daily lifestyle |
N/R, not reported; EG, experimental group; CG, control group; w, week; m, month; tim/wk, times/week; HR, heart rate. MCI, mild cognitive impairment; Non-CI, without cognitive impairment; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; AD: Alzheimer's disease; OA: osteoarthritis. EFIP, Evaluative Frailty Index for Physical activity; SF12/36, SF-12/36 Health related Short Form 12/36; MCS, mental component summary; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; MEC, Mini-Examen Cognoscitive; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; PACES, Physical Activity enjoyment scale; MMSE, the mini-mental state examination; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment.