. 2021 Nov 15;8:718792. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.718792

Table 2.

The types and sources of protein intake before and during pregnancy.

Source of protein	Pre-pregnancy	First trimester (Week 10–13)	Second trimester (Week 24–30)	p -value
	Median p (25, 75) (g/day)
Total protein	59.43 (48.02, 78.22)^a	55.84 (42.30, 76.17)^a	59.30 (45.04, 76.17)	0.02^*
Animal protein	34.66 (25.97, 47.71)	33.46 (23.47, 45.79)	35.34 (25.90, 46.65)	0.17
Poultry	4.80 (3.24, 11.16)	4.84 (3.24, 11.90)	4.80 (3.24, 9.60)	0.10
Red meat	2.04 (0.84, 3.98)	1.72 (0.45, 3.83)	1.90 (0.62, 4.40)	0.06
Processed meat	1.33 (0.36, 3.14)	1.04 (0.25, 2.64)	1.15 (0.30, 2.49)	0.10
Fish	10.72 (6.02, 16.93)^a	9.63 (5.18, 16.28)^a	10.05 (6.00, 16.52)	0.04^*
Seafood	1.05 (0.17, 2.26)^a	0.66 (0.04, 1.57)^a,^c	0.84 (0.18, 2.11)^c	0.01^*
Eggs	2.75 (1.36, 4.21)	2.10 (0.95, 3.94)	2.85 (1.27, 3.94)	0.14
Milk	1.58 (0.13, 5.72)^a, ^b	3.85 (0.23, 8.95)^b, ^c	5.93 (2.59, 9.96)^a, ^c	0.001^**
Dairy products	0.82 (0.36, 1.78)	0.72 (0.18, 2.12)	0.72 (0.18, 2.12)	0.65
Plant protein	23.37 (16.90, 32.16)^a	21.93 (15.88, 29.40)^a	22.07 (16.82, 29.31)	0.04^*
Nuts, seeds and legume	1.39 (0.34, 3.51)	1.89 (0.60, 4.21)	1.72 (0.76, 3.26)	0.06
Vegetables	1.55 (0.59, 3.47)	2.24 (1.02, 4.12)	1.63 (0.88, 2.92)	0.05
Fruits	1.00 (0.55, 1.97)	1.34 (0.64, 2.58)	1.40 (0.71, 2.57)	0.10
Grains, cereal and cereal products	16.24 (12.12, 21.85)	14.90 (9.29, 19.46)	15.44 (12.18, 21.01)	0.06

RNI for Malaysia: pre-pregnancy (19–29 years old−53 g/day, 30–59 years old−52 g/day); first trimester (19–29 years old−53.5 g/day, 30–59 years old−52.5 g/day); second trimester (19–29 years old−61 g/day, 30–59 years old−60 g/day) (30).

The medians with similar superscripts in the same row indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05):

pre-pregnancy vs. first trimester;

pre-pregnancy vs. second trimester;

first trimester vs. second trimester.

p < 0.05,

^**

p < 0.001.