Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% CI for the associations between the animal protein sources and GDM.
| Source of animal protein | Intake tertile | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | |
| AOR [95% CI] | |||
| Red meat | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | 1.45 [0.64–3.28] | 1.00 | 1.66 [0.76–3.63] |
| First trimester | 1.02 [0.42–2.48] | 1.00 | 2.11 [0.99–4.42] |
| Second trimester | 0.61 [0.25–1.50] | 1.00 | 2.69 [1.27–5.70]** |
| Processed meat | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | 0.60 [0.26–1.37] | 1.00 | 1.18 [0.56–2.52] |
| First trimester | 1.53 [0.65–3.63] | 1.00 | 1.80 [0.83–3.88] |
| Second trimester | 1.31 [0.56–3.08] | 1.00 | 1.43 [0.64–3.23] |
| Poultry | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | 0.77 [0.36–1.62] | 1.00 | 0.94 [0.43–2.03] |
| First trimester | 1.49 [0.66–3.35] | 1.00 | 1.10 [0.45–2.67] |
| Second trimester | 0.95 [0.48–2.07] | 1.00 | 1.01 [0.43–2.20] |
| Fish | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | 0.85 [0.40–1.80] | 1.00 | 0.69 [0.32–1.48] |
| First trimester | 0.79 [0.36–1.72] | 1.00 | 1.19 [0.57–2.51] |
| Second trimester | 1.40 [0.64–3.04] | 1.00 | 1.50 [0.67–3.32] |
| Seafood | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | 1.04 [0.49–2.21] | 1.00 | 1.10 [0.50–2.41] |
| First trimester | 1.02 [0.46–2.29] | 1.00 | 1.68 [0.78–3.67] |
| Second trimester | 0.83 [0.39–1.78] | 1.00 | 1.09 [0.51–2.36] |
| Eggs | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | 1.17 [0.57–2.41] | 1.00 | 0.78 [0.31–1.98] |
| First trimester | 1.02 [0.49–2.13] | 1.00 | 1.09 [0.49–2.40] |
| Second trimester | 0.83 [0.40–1.70] | 1.00 | 0.43 [0.18–0.91]* |
| Milk | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | 0.52 [0.24–1.13] | 1.00 | 1.02 [0.49–2.13] |
| First trimester | 1.16 [0.53–2.53] | 1.00 | 1.47 [0.67–3.26] |
| Second trimester | 0.74 [0.37–1.51] | 1.00 | 1.18 [0.62–2.22] |
| Dairy products | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | 1.50 [0.64–3.49] | 1.00 | 2.49 [0.99–6.03] |
| First trimester | 0.73 [0.35–1.53] | 1.00 | 0.90 [0.42–1.96] |
| Second trimester | 0.98 [0.48–2.01] | 1.00 | 0.76 [0.34–1.73] |
aPre-pregnancy: red meat (T1 = ≤ 1.32, T2 = 1.33–3.39, T3 = ≥ 3.40), processed meat (T1 = ≤ 0.66, T2 = 0.67–2.10, T3 = ≥ 2.11), poultry (T1 = ≤ 3.24, T2 = 3.25–9.60, T3 = ≥ 9.61), fish (T1 = ≤ 8.39, T2 = 8.40–15.12, T3 = ≥ 15.13), seafood (T1 = ≤ 0.33, T2 = 0.34–1.67, T3 = ≥ 1.68), eggs (T1 = ≤ 1.90, T2 = 1.91–3.93, T3 = ≥ 3.94), milk (T1 = ≤ 0.63, T2 = 0.64–3.85, T3 = ≥ 3.86), dairy products (T1 = ≤ 0.54, T2 = 0.55–1.26, T3 = ≥ 1.27).
First trimester: red meat (T1 = ≤ 0.93, T2 = 0.94–2.78, T3 = ≥ 2.79), processed meat (T1 = ≤ 0.46, T2 = 0.47–1.73, T3 = ≥ 1.74), poultry (T1 = ≤ 3.24, T2 = 3.25–6.36, T3 = ≥ 6.37), fish (T1 = ≤ 6.09, T2 = 6.10–13.01, T3 = ≥ 13.02), seafood (T1 = ≤ 0.31, T2 = 0.32–1.27, T3 = ≥ 1.28), eggs (T1 = ≤ 1.55, T2 = 1.56–3.39, T3 = ≥ 3.40), milk (T1 = ≤ 1.25, T2 = 1.26–7.64, T3 = ≥ 7.65), dairy products (T1 = ≤ 0.36, T2 = 0.37–1.48, T3 = ≥ 1.49).
Second trimester: red meat (T1 = ≤ 0.93, T2 = 0.94–2.93, T3 = ≥ 2.94), processed meat (T1 = ≤ 0.38, T2 = 0.39–1.83, T3 = ≥ 1.84), poultry (T1 = ≤ 3.24, T2 =, 3.25–6.36 T3 = ≥ 6.37), fish (T1 = ≤ 7.89, T2 = 7.90–12.75, T3= ≥ 12.76), seafood (T1 = ≤ 0.34, T2 = 0.35–1.36, T3 = ≥ 1.37), eggs (T1 = ≤ 1.90, T2 = 1.91–2.85, T3 = ≥ 2.86), milk (T1 = ≤ 3.85, T2 = 3.86–8.95, T3 = ≥ 8.96), dairy products (T1 = ≤ 0.36, T2 = 0.37–1.33, T3 = ≥ 1.34).
Adequate GDM as reference group.
Adjusted by age, parity, family history of DM, history of GDM, pre-pregnancy BMI, energy intake, and fat intake.
p < 0.05
p < 0.001.