TABLE 1.

Risk factors during pregnancy and early childhood in different domains related to parental mental disorder.

Parental domain	Family domain	Child domain	Environmental domain
Genetic transmission1	Early parenthood16,17	Difficult temperament4,6,2,3	Low socio- economic status16,31,32
Maternal anxiety and stress in pregnancy2,3	Single parenthood16,17	Mental health disorders23	Poverty4,18,17,33
Severity, chronicity or early onset of the disorder4,5,6	Child abuse (physical, emotional, sexual)4,18,19,20	Genetic vulnerability to environmental influences24	Housing problems18,32
Comorbidity (e.g., substance abuse)4,6	Child neglect (physical, emotional)18,19,20	Effects of early life stress and trauma/ACEs25,26	Social isolation18,32
Unresolved (childhood) trauma7,8,9	Unpredictable or lack of daily routines11,21	Insecure and disorganized attachment4,6,10,27,28,29,30	Belonging to a minority group34, perceived discrimination32
Absence of treatment6,10	Mental disorder/addiction other parent/family member22,6,19		Low quality of neighborhood18,32
Problematic parenting4,11,12,13,14	Interparental conflict/violence4,16,18,19,12,20		Absence or low quality of emotional and practical support network16,32
Frightened, frightening disrupted parental behavior8	Absent of both biological parents19		Absence or low quality of adult and child professional care6
Impaired and distorted parental mentalization15	Criminal trouble/imprisoning family member3,12,18		No possibilities for alternative care18
	Low level of education16,17

¹Kendler and Prescott, 2007; ²Korja et al., 2017; ³Van den Bergh et al., 2017; ⁴Beardslee et al., 2011; ⁵Carter et al., 2001; ⁶Hosman et al., 2009; ⁷Christie et al., 2019; ⁸Madigan et al., 2006; ⁹Suardi et al., 2017; ¹⁰Aktar et al., 2019; ¹¹Falkov, 2012; ¹²Hughes and Cossar, 2016; ¹³Hugill et al., 2017; ¹⁴Laulik et al., 2013; ¹⁵Sharp and Fonagy, 2008; ¹⁶Barker et al., 2012; ¹⁷Evans et al., 2013; ¹⁸Brockington et al., 2011; ¹⁹Felitti et al., 1998; ²⁰Kessler et al., 2010; ²¹Stepp et al., 2012; ²²Bijl et al., 2002; ²³Slade, 2009; ²⁴Bakermans-Kranenburg and van IJzendoorn, 2007; ²⁵Agorastos et al., 2019; ²⁶Chu and Lieberman, 2010; ²⁷Fearon et al., 2010; ²⁸Granqvist et al., 2017; ²⁹Sroufe et al., 2009; ³⁰Van IJzendoorn et al., 1999; ³¹Stein et al., 2014; ³²Silva et al., 2016; ³³Lund and Cois, 2018; ³⁴Cyr et al., 2010.