TABLE 1.
The reproductive phenology in current grassland models.
| ID | Name | Reference | Type | Species | Reproductive phenology |
|||||
| Primary induction | Secondary induction | Floral transition | Heading | Other | ||||||
| 1 | - | Fiorelli et al., 2001 | Mechanistic model of tiller population | Lolium perenne | - | - | DOY* of first tiller conversion | Emergence of the 1st complete inflorescence (DOY) | - | |
| 2 | OSYAQ | Herrmann and Schachtel, 2001 | Organ compartments | Lolium multiflorum for calibration and validation | - | - | - | - | Change of organ demand is dependent on a sum of daily development rate (beta function of temperature) from sowing date | |
| 3 | CATIMO | Bonesmo and Bélanger, 2002 | Organ compartments | Phleum pratense | - | - | Sum of GDD** basis 0 from May 1st*** | Sum of GDD** basis 0 from May 1st*** | - | |
| 4 | OSYAQ | Herrmann and Schachtel, 2001 | Organ compartments | Lolium multiflorum for calibration and validation | - | - | - | - | Change of organ demand is dependent on a sum of daily development rate (beta function of temperature) from sowing date | |
| 5 | GrazeGro | Barrett et al., 2005 | Crop model | Lolium perenne | - | - | Mean time of double ridge stage (input value) | Date (input value) | - | |
| 6 | SISTAL | Mazel et al., 2005 | Individual based | Perennial grass species but developed on Festuca arundicea | Tillers should be born before the end of winter | - | Probabilistic function of tiller birth date | - | - | |
| 7 | ModVege | Jouven et al., 2006 | Crop model | Several species | - | - | Sum of GDD from January 1st*** | - | - | |
| 8 | STICS grasslands | Jégo et al., 2013 | Crop model | Phleum pratense | - | - | Sum of GDD** (provided by CATIMO model) | - | - | |
| 10 | BASGRA | Höglind et al., 2016 | Process-based model | Calibrated with Phleum pratense | Threshold temperature (low) | - | - | - | - | |
| 10 | BASGRA_NZ | Woodward et al., 2020 | Process-based model | Lolium perenne | Incremental function of the temperature | - | - | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||||
| ID |
Tiller demography
|
Environmental/Managing factors considered for floral development
|
||||||||
| Proportion of reproductive tillers | Aftermath heading | Tillering | Tiller mortality | Genetics | Water availability | Mineral nutrition | Light radiations | Photoperiod/Latitude | Cutting/Regrowth | |
|
| ||||||||||
| 1 | Linear function of the tiller appearance date during a favorable period | Emergent property | Constant number of live tillers | Death of reproductive tillers when their height is above cutting height | Three cultivars differing in heading date | Effect of nitrogen on leaf growth | - | Latitude. Model validated for 2 latitudes 52°N and 67°N | Yes | |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | Yes | Change of organ demand | Change of organ demand | Yes | - | Yes |
| 3 | - | - | - | - | Yes | Effect of drought on RUE | Effect of nitrogen on RUE | - | - | - |
| 4 | Linear function of the tiller appearance date during a favorable period | Emergent property | - | Death of reproductive tillers when their height is above cutting height | Three cultivars differing in heading date | - | Effect of nitrogen on leaf growth | - | Latitude. Model validated for 2 latitudes 52°N and 67°N | Yes |
| 5 | All tillers appeared before a given date will become reproductive (March 1st***). Timing of tiller headings follow a normal distribution around the input heading date | - | Affected by flowering | Death of reproductive tillers by decapitation | 3 classes of precocity | Yes | Yes | - | - | Impact on leaf growth after flowering tiller decapitation |
| 6 | Tiller transition follow a function of tiller birth date. Tillers born after the end of November will remain vegetative. Tillers born before the end of August have the highest chance to become reproductive *** | - | Yes | Vegetative tillers | Yes | Yes | Yes | Canopy closure | - | Yes |
| 7 | Reproductive growth is represented by a function of nitrogen nutrition. Start and end- are GDD* sum from January 1st*** | - | - | - | 4 groups of species | Yes | Nitrogen | - | - | Cutting stops reproductive growth |
| 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 9 | Tillers become non-elongating reproductive at a daily rate depending on temperature and daylength. Conversion from non-elongating to elongating tiller category follow a constant daily rate if daylength remains above a minimum value | Emergent property | Vegetative tillers are produced proportionally leaf appearance, but site-filling is reduced when LAI is high or C reserves are low | By frost and decapitation | Yes | - | - | Yes | - | Yes |
| 10 | Tillers become non-elongating reproductive at a daily rate depending on temperature and daylength. Conversion from non-elongating to elongating tiller category follow a constant daily rate if daylength remains above a minimum value | Emergent property | Vegetative tillers are produced proportionally leaf appearance, but site-filling is reduced when LAI is high or C reserves are low | By frost and decapitation | Yes | - | - | Yes | - | Yes |
* DOY: day of year.
** GDD: growing degree-day.
*** Calendar date fits for the northern hemisphere.